spa-l3-paris-emergency-routing

Status: done
Score: 0.500
Duration: 32:28
Cost: 9.69¢
Model: deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash

Map (reference ← swipe → agent)

0:00
Need the dispatch coverage model rebuilt before Thursday's briefing. The eight historical emergency-call locations are in `incidents.csv` (columns: incident_id, latitude, longitude, label). Pull the driveable road network and all hospitals from OpenStreetMap via Overpass for the area bbox 48.83,2.30 to 48.88,2.38. I need three deliverables: the shortest driving route from each incident to its closest hospital, a distance matrix of each incident against its three nearest hospitals, and a 15-minute drive-time isochrone around every hospital to visualise coverage gaps. Assume 30 km/h for edges without a maxspeed tag; use posted maxspeed otherwise. Everything goes into a single GPKG called `emergency_routing.gpkg` with all layers in the official metric coordinate system for Paris and exactly these four layer names. The `incidents` layer has Point (or MultiPoint) geometry and an `incident_id` column. The `closest_hospital` layer has LineString (or MultiLineString) geometry representing the route, with columns `incident_id`, `hospital_name`, and `network_distance_m` (numeric, metres). One row per incident. The `distance_matrix` layer is tabular (geometry may be empty or null) with columns `incident_id`, `hospital_name`, `rank` (integer 1 through 3, ascending by `network_distance_m` within each incident), and `network_distance_m`. The `isochrones_15min` layer has MultiPolygon geometry (Polygon also accepted) with columns `hospital_name` and `travel_time_min`. One row per hospital.
0:00
System info 
{
  "adapter": "openrouter",
  "model": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash",
  "base_url": "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
}
0:20 
Let me break down this task:

1. Read incidents from `incidents.csv`
2. Query OpenStreetMap via Overpass API for:
   - Driveable road network in the bbox (48.83,2.30 to 48.88,2.38)
   - All hospitals in the same area
3. Build a routing graph from the road network
4. Find shortest driving routes from each incident to its closest hospital
5. Create a distance matrix of each incident against its three nearest hospitals
6. Create 15-minute drive-time isochrones around each hospital
7. Output everything to a GPKG with specific layer names

The CRS should be the official metric coordinate system for Paris - that's EPSG:2154 (RGF93 / Lambert-93, the official French projection) or EPSG:27561 (NTF - Paris). Actually, let me think. The official metric coordinate system for Paris in France is EPSG:2154 (RGF93 / Lambert-93). Let me use EPSG:2154.

Wait, "official metric coordinate system for Paris" - that could be EPSG:2154 (RGF93 / Lambert-93) which is the official French projection. Paris is in zone 1 of the old Lambert system but the current official one is RGF93 / Lambert-93 (EPSG:2154).

Let me start by reading the incidents CSV and planning.

Let me think about the workflow:

1. Read incidents.csv
2. Query Overpass for roads and hospitals
3. Build a graph for routing
4. Calculate distances/routes between incidents and hospitals
5. Generate isochrones
6. Write GPKG

For routing, I'll use osmnx or networkx. Let me check what's available.

Actually, let me write a comprehensive Python script. I'll use:
- `osmnx` for downloading OSM data and routing
- `geopandas` for data manipulation
- `shapely` for geometry
- `networkx` for graph operations

Let me start by checking available libraries.
0:20
Read /work/incidents.csv 
     1	incident_id,latitude,longitude,label
     2	INC_001,48.8566,2.3522,near Notre-Dame
     3	INC_002,48.8620,2.3360,near Louvre
     4	INC_003,48.8462,2.3464,Quartier Latin
     5	INC_004,48.8700,2.3431,near Gare du Nord area
     6	INC_005,48.8530,2.3325,Luxembourg Garden area
     7	INC_006,48.8600,2.3700,Bastille area
     8	INC_007,48.8450,2.3100,near Montparnasse
     9	INC_008,48.8750,2.3600,near Republique
0:20
Bash python3 -c "import osmnx; print(osmnx.__version__)" 2>&1; python3 -c "import geo... 
2.1.0
1.1.3
3.6.1
2.1.2
1:56 
Good, all libraries are available. Let me plan the solution:

1. Read incidents from CSV
2. Use osmnx to get driveable road network and hospitals from OpenStreetMap for the bbox (48.83,2.30 to 48.88,2.38)
3. Build a graph with appropriate speed limits (30 km/h default, posted maxspeed otherwise)
4. Find shortest driving routes from each incident to its closest hospital
5. Build a distance matrix (3 nearest hospitals per incident)
6. Compute 15-minute drive-time isochrones around each hospital
7. Write everything to a single GPKG with specific layer names

Let me write the script.

Important details:
- CRS: "official metric coordinate system for Paris" - This would be EPSG:2154 (RGF93 / Lambert-93 - the official metric CRS for France). Let me use that.
- Layer names: "incidents", "closest_hospital", "distance_matrix", "isochrones_15min"
- For isochrones: compute 15-minute drive-time polygons from each hospital along the network

Let me write a comprehensive Python script.

For the maxspeed handling:
- If maxspeed is set, use it (parse to numeric)
- If not set, use 30 km/h

Let me think about the approach:

1. Get driveable network within bbox using osmnx
2. Get hospitals (amenity=hospital) within bbox using osmnx
3. For each incident, find nearest hospital by network distance
4. Compute shortest path route for each incident->closest hospital
5. Compute distance matrix (3 nearest hospitals per incident)
6. Compute 15-min isochrones for each hospital

For isochrones, I can use networkx to find all nodes reachable within 15 minutes, then create a convex hull or use the mcp method. Actually osmnx has `ox.isochrones()` function or I can use `ox.graph_from_place` with `network_type='drive'` and then compute isochrones.

Actually, osmnx has `ox.isochrones_from_graph()` which is useful. Or I can use `nx.single_source_dijkstra_path_length` to find reachable nodes within a time threshold, then create a concave hull.

Let me write the script:

```python
import pandas as pd
import geopandas as gpd
import osmnx as ox
import networkx as nx
from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon
from shapely.ops import unary_union
import numpy as np
from functools import lru_cache

# Read incidents
incidents_df = pd.read_csv('/work/incidents.csv')
incidents_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    incidents_df,
    geometry=gpd.points_from_xy(incidents_df.longitude, incidents_df.latitude),
    crs='EPSG:4326'
)

# Define bbox
bbox = (48.83, 2.30, 48.88, 2.38)  # south, west, north, east

# Get driveable road network
print("Downloading road network...")
G = ox.graph_from_bbox(*bbox, network_type='drive', simplify=True)

# Get hospitals
print("Downloading hospitals...")
hospitals = ox.features_from_bbox(*bbox, tags={'amenity': 'hospital'})
# Convert to points (centroid of building polygon or point)
if hospitals.crs is None:
    hospitals = hospitals.set_crs('EPSG:4326')

# Filter to actual hospitals and get representative points
hospital_points = []
for idx, row in hospitals.iterrows():
    geom = row.geometry
    if geom.geom_type == 'Point':
        hospital_points.append(geom)
    elif geom.geom_type == 'Polygon':
        hospital_points.append(geom.centroid)
    elif geom.geom_type == 'MultiPolygon':
        hospital_points.append(geom.centroid)
    else:
        hospital_points.append(geom.centroid if hasattr(geom, 'centroid') else geom)

hospitals_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    hospitals[['name']].fillna('Unknown Hospital').reset_index(drop=True),
    geometry=hospital_points,
    crs='EPSG:4326'
)
# Get names
hospitals_gdf['hospital_name'] = hospitals_gdf['name'].fillna('Unknown Hospital')
```

Wait, I need to handle the maxspeed properly. Let me think about the edge attributes in the graph.

For osmnx, each edge has attributes including 'maxspeed', 'length', etc. Let me add travel time based on maxspeed (default 30 km/h).

Let me write the full script now.

Actually, I need to be careful with the hospitals - they might have missing names. Let me handle that.

Also for the isochrones, I'll compute the travel time from each hospital to all nodes in the graph, find those within 15 minutes, and create a convex hull or concave hull polygon.

Let me write the complete script:

```python
import pandas as pd
import geopandas as gpd
import osmnx as ox
import networkx as nx
from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Polygon, box
from shapely.ops import unary_union, cascaded_union
import numpy as np
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

# Configuration
PARIS_METRIC_CRS = 'EPSG:2154'  # RGF93 / Lambert-93, official metric CRS for France
DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH = 30.0
BBOX = (48.83, 2.30, 48.88, 2.38)  # south, west, north, east
OUTPUT_PATH = '/work/emergency_routing.gpkg'

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 1. Read incidents
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Reading incidents...")
incidents_df = pd.read_csv('/work/incidents.csv')
incidents_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    incidents_df[['incident_id']],
    geometry=gpd.points_from_xy(incidents_df.longitude, incidents_df.latitude),
    crs='EPSG:4326'
)
incidents_gdf = incidents_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"Loaded {len(incidents_gdf)} incidents")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 2. Download road network and hospitals
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Downloading OSM road network...")
G = ox.graph_from_bbox(*BBOX, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
print(f"Graph: {len(G.nodes)} nodes, {len(G.edges)} edges")

print("Downloading hospitals...")
hospitals_osm = ox.features_from_bbox(*BBOX, tags={'amenity': 'hospital'})

# Build hospitals GeoDataFrame
hosp_records = []
for idx, row in hospitals_osm.iterrows():
    geom = row.geometry
    if geom is None:
        continue
    # Get representative point
    if geom.geom_type == 'Point':
        pt = geom
    elif geom.geom_type in ('Polygon', 'MultiPolygon'):
        pt = geom.representative_point()  # guaranteed inside polygon
    else:
        pt = geom.centroid if hasattr(geom, 'centroid') else geom
    name = row.get('name', None)
    if pd.isna(name) or name is None:
        name = f"Hospital_{idx}"
    hosp_records.append({'hospital_name': str(name), 'geometry': pt})

hospitals_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(hosp_records, crs='EPSG:4326')
hospitals_gdf = hospitals_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"Found {len(hospitals_gdf)} hospitals")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 3. Prepare graph with travel time
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Adding travel time to graph edges...")
G_proj = ox.project_graph(G, to_crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS)

for u, v, k, data in G_proj.edges(keys=True, data=True):
    length_m = data['length']
    # Parse maxspeed
    maxspeed = data.get('maxspeed', None)
    if maxspeed is None:
        speed_kmh = DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH
    else:
        # maxspeed could be string like "50", list ["50", "30"], or numeric
        if isinstance(maxspeed, list):
            # Take the first value
            speed_str = str(maxspeed[0])
        else:
            speed_str = str(maxspeed)
        try:
            speed_kmh = float(speed_str.split()[0])  # handle "50 km/h"
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            speed_kmh = DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH
    data['speed_kmh'] = speed_kmh
    # Travel time in minutes
    data['travel_time_min'] = (length_m / 1000.0) / speed_kmh * 60.0

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 4. Functions
# ------------------------------------------------------------
def get_nearest_node_idx(gdf_point, graph):
    """Get nearest graph node to a point geometry."""
    point_geom = gdf_point.geometry if hasattr(gdf_point, 'geometry') else gdf_point
    return ox.nearest_nodes(graph, point_geom.x, point_geom.y)

def shortest_path_route(graph, orig_node, dest_node):
    """Get the shortest path as a LineString and distance in metres."""
    try:
        route = nx.shortest_path(graph, orig_node, dest_node, weight='travel_time_min')
        # Get edge lengths along the route
        distance = 0.0
        path_coords = []
        for i in range(len(route) - 1):
            u, v = route[i], route[i+1]
            # Find edge data
            edge_data = graph.get_edge_data(u, v)
            if edge_data is None:
                continue
            # Could be multiple parallel edges, take first
            first_key = list(edge_data.keys())[0]
            edge = edge_data[first_key]
            distance += edge['length']
            path_coords.append((graph.nodes[u]['x'], graph.nodes[u]['y']))
        # Add last node
        path_coords.append((graph.nodes[route[-1]]['x'], graph.nodes[route[-1]]['y']))
        line = LineString(path_coords) if len(path_coords) >= 2 else Point(path_coords[0])
        return line, distance
    except (nx.NetworkXNoPath, nx.NodeNotFound):
        return None, None

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 5. Find nearest hospitals for each incident
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Computing nearest hospitals...")

# Project nodes to metric CRS for nearest node lookup
nodes_proj = ox.graph_to_gdfs(G_proj, edges=False)
nodes_proj_metric = nodes_proj.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)

# For each incident, find distances to each hospital
results = []
for i, incident in incidents_gdf.iterrows():
    inc_id = incident['incident_id']
    inc_point = incident.geometry
    
    # Get nearest graph node to incident (in geographic coordinates)
    inc_node = ox.nearest_nodes(G, inc_point.x, inc_point.y)  # G is in 4326
    
    for j, hospital in hospitals_gdf.iterrows():
        hosp_name = hospital['hospital_name']
        hosp_point = hospital.geometry
        
        # Get nearest graph node to hospital
        hosp_node = ox.nearest_nodes(G, hosp_point.x, hosp_point.y)  # Use original G (4326)
        
        try:
            # Compute shortest path distance
            dist_m = nx.shortest_path_length(G_proj, inc_node, hosp_node, weight='travel_time_min')
            # Convert travel_time_min back to metres using edge lengths... 
            # Actually we want distance in metres. Let me recompute with length.
            try:
                path = nx.shortest_path(G_proj, inc_node, hosp_node, weight='travel_time_min')
                # Compute actual distance
                total_dist = 0.0
                for k in range(len(path) - 1):
                    u, v = path[k], path[k+1]
                    edge_data = G_proj.get_edge_data(u, v)
                    if edge_data is None:
                        continue
                    first_key = list(edge_data.keys())[0]
                    total_dist += edge_data[first_key]['length']
                results.append({
                    'incident_id': inc_id,
                    'hospital_name': hosp_name,
                    'network_distance_m': total_dist,
                    'inc_node': inc_node,
                    'hosp_node': hosp_node
                })
            except (nx.NetworkXNoPath, nx.NodeNotFound):
                continue
        except (nx.NetworkXNoPath, nx.NodeNotFound):
            continue

results_df = pd.DataFrame(results)
print(f"Computed {len(results_df)} incident-hospital pairs")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 6. Closest hospital per incident (one row per incident)
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Building closest_hospital layer...")
closest = results_df.loc[results_df.groupby('incident_id')['network_distance_m'].idxmin()]
closest_hospital_rows = []

for _, row in closest.iterrows():
    inc_node = row['inc_node']
    hosp_node = row['hosp_node']
    
    try:
        route = nx.shortest_path(G_proj, inc_node, hosp_node, weight='travel_time_min')
        # Build LineString in geographic CRS then convert
        coords = []
        distance = 0.0
        for k in range(len(route) - 1):
            u, v = route[k], route[k+1]
            edge_data = G_proj.get_edge_data(u, v)
            if edge_data is None:
                continue
            first_key = list(edge_data.keys())[0]
            distance += edge_data[first_key]['length']
            coords.append((G.nodes[u]['x'], G.nodes[u]['y']))  # Use original geographic coords
        coords.append((G.nodes[route[-1]]['x'], G.nodes[route[-1]]['y']))
        
        line = LineString(coords)
        closest_hospital_rows.append({
            'incident_id': row['incident_id'],
            'hospital_name': row['hospital_name'],
            'network_distance_m': distance,
            'geometry': line
        })
    except (nx.NetworkXNoPath, nx.NodeNotFound):
        continue

closest_hospital_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(closest_hospital_rows, crs='EPSG:4326')
closest_hospital_gdf = closest_hospital_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"Built {len(closest_hospital_gdf)} closest routes")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 7. Distance matrix: 3 nearest hospitals per incident
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Building distance_matrix layer...")
results_df_sorted = results_df.sort_values(['incident_id', 'network_distance_m'])
matrix_rows = []
for inc_id, group in results_df_sorted.groupby('incident_id'):
    top3 = group.head(3).reset_index(drop=True)
    for rank, (_, row) in enumerate(top3.iterrows(), start=1):
        matrix_rows.append({
            'incident_id': inc_id,
            'hospital_name': row['hospital_name'],
            'rank': rank,
            'network_distance_m': row['network_distance_m']
        })

distance_matrix_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(matrix_rows, crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"Built distance matrix with {len(distance_matrix_gdf)} rows")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 8. 15-minute isochrones around each hospital
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Building isochrones_15min layer...")

# For each hospital, find all graph nodes reachable within 15 minutes
# Then create a convex hull around those nodes

isochrone_rows = []
for _, hospital in hospitals_gdf.iterrows():
    hosp_name = hospital['hospital_name']
    hosp_point = hospital.geometry
    
    # Get nearest node
    hosp_node = ox.nearest_nodes(G, hosp_point.x, hosp_point.y)
    
    # Get all nodes reachable within 15 minutes (in travel_time_min)
    try:
        reachable = nx.single_source_dijkstra_path_length(
            G_proj, hosp_node, cutoff=15.0, weight='travel_time_min'
        )
    except nx.NodeNotFound:
        continue
    
    if len(reachable) < 2:
        continue
    
    # Get coordinates of reachable nodes (in geographic)
    reachable_nodes = list(reachable.keys())
    points = []
    for node in reachable_nodes:
        points.append(Point(G.nodes[node]['x'], G.nodes[node]['y']))
    
    if len(points) < 3:
        continue
    
    # Create convex hull
    multipoint = MultiPoint(points)
    isochrone_poly = multipoint.convex_hull
    
    # If convex_hull is a Point or LineString, skip
    if isochrone_poly.geom_type not in ('Polygon', 'MultiPolygon'):
        continue
    
    isochrone_rows.append({
        'hospital_name': hosp_name,
        'travel_time_min': 15.0,
        'geometry': isochrone_poly
    })

isochrones_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(isochrone_rows, crs='EPSG:4326')
isochrones_gdf = isochrones_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"Built {len(isochrones_gdf)} isochrones")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 9. Write to GPKG
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("Writing to GeoPackage...")

# Remove output if exists
import os
if os.path.exists(OUTPUT_PATH):
    os.remove(OUTPUT_PATH)

# Write layers
incidents_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT_PATH, layer='incidents', driver='GPKG')
closest_hospital_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT_PATH, layer='closest_hospital', driver='GPKG')
distance_matrix_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT_PATH, layer='distance_matrix', driver='GPKG')
isochrones_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT_PATH, layer='isochrones_15min', driver='GPKG')

print("Done! All layers written to", OUTPUT_PATH)
```

Wait, I need to think about a few issues:
1. `ox.nearest_nodes` expects (x, y) which is (longitude, latitude) in EPSG:4326. But the incidents_gdf is in EPSG:2154. I need to use the original geographic coordinates.
2. When computing routes, I need to be careful about which graph I use for nearest_nodes.

Let me also think about the graph projection. `ox.project_graph` might change the node coordinates. Actually, `ox.project_graph` reprojects the graph. But `ox.nearest_nodes` works on the graph's own coordinate system. So if I project the graph to EPSG:2154, the nodes will be in that CRS, and I'd need to pass coordinates in that CRS.

Actually, looking at the osmnx docs more carefully:
- `ox.nearest_nodes(G, X, Y)` - X and Y should be in the same CRS as the graph G's nodes
- The original G from `ox.graph_from_bbox` is in EPSG:4326

I think it's simpler to keep G in EPSG:4326 for nearest_nodes lookups, then project for the distance computations.

Let me reconsider the approach. The `nx.shortest_path` and `nx.shortest_path_length` can work on either graph. I'll:
1. Keep G in 4326 for nearest_nodes
2. Create G_proj = ox.project_graph(G, to_crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS) for distance/travel time computations
3. Use the original G's node coordinates (in 4326) for building LineStrings (then convert to metric later)

Actually, for `nx.shortest_path_length`, the weight is 'travel_time_min' which I added. The length is in the graph's native coordinate system (which after projection would be metres). Good.

Let me also be more careful about the node lookup. When I use `ox.nearest_nodes(G, x, y)`, G is in 4326, so x and y should be longitude and latitude. The incidents are in 4326 originally.

Let me rewrite the script more carefully.

Actually, I realize there might be an issue with how I store the graph nodes for the route geometry. When I project the graph, the node coordinates change. Let me keep the original G (4326) for geometry and use G_proj for routing.

Let me rewrite the script properly.
1:56
Write /work/build_routing.py
content · 327 lines · py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Build emergency routing coverage model.
Output: emergency_routing.gpkg with 4 layers.
"""

import pandas as pd
import geopandas as gpd
import osmnx as ox
import networkx as nx
import numpy as np
import os
import warnings
from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Polygon
from shapely.ops import unary_union

warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Configuration
# ------------------------------------------------------------
PARIS_METRIC_CRS = 'EPSG:2154'   # RGF93 / Lambert-93 — official metric CRS for France
DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH = 30.0
BBOX = (48.83, 2.30, 48.88, 2.38)   # (south, west, north, east)
OUTPUT = '/work/emergency_routing.gpkg'
ISOCHRONE_MINUTES = 15.0

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 1. Read incidents
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 1. Reading incidents ===")
incidents_df = pd.read_csv('/work/incidents.csv')
incidents_gdf_4326 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    incidents_df[['incident_id']],
    geometry=gpd.points_from_xy(incidents_df.longitude, incidents_df.latitude),
    crs='EPSG:4326'
)
incidents_gdf_metric = incidents_gdf_4326.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(incidents_gdf_metric)} incidents loaded.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 2. Download OSM data
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 2. Downloading OSM data ===")
print("  Downloading driveable road network...")
G = ox.graph_from_bbox(*BBOX, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
print(f"  Graph: {len(G.nodes)} nodes, {len(G.edges)} edges")

print("  Downloading hospitals (amenity=hospital)...")
hospitals_osm = ox.features_from_bbox(*BBOX, tags={'amenity': 'hospital'})
print(f"  {len(hospitals_osm)} hospital features found.")

# Build clean hospitals GeoDataFrame with point geometries
hosp_records = []
for idx, row in hospitals_osm.iterrows():
    geom = row.geometry
    if geom is None:
        continue
    if geom.geom_type == 'Point':
        pt = geom
    elif geom.geom_type in ('Polygon', 'MultiPolygon'):
        pt = geom.representative_point()  # guaranteed inside polygon
    else:
        # Fallback: centroid
        pt = geom.centroid if hasattr(geom, 'centroid') else geom
    name = row.get('name', None)
    if pd.isna(name) or name is None or str(name).strip() == '':
        name = f"Hospital_{idx}"
    hosp_records.append({'hospital_name': str(name).strip(), 'geometry': pt})

hospitals_gdf_4326 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(hosp_records, crs='EPSG:4326')
hospitals_gdf_metric = hospitals_gdf_4326.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(hospitals_gdf_4326)} hospital points prepared.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 3. Add travel-time weights to the graph
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 3. Adding travel-time weights ===")
G_proj = ox.project_graph(G, to_crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS)

for u, v, k, data in G_proj.edges(keys=True, data=True):
    length_m = data['length']
    raw_speed = data.get('maxspeed', None)

    if raw_speed is None:
        speed_kmh = DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH
    else:
        # maxspeed can be a list, a string, or missing
        if isinstance(raw_speed, list):
            speed_str = str(raw_speed[0])
        else:
            speed_str = str(raw_speed)
        # Try to parse a numeric value (strip units like "km/h", "mph")
        speed_str = speed_str.replace('km/h', '').replace('mph', '').replace(' ', '')
        try:
            speed_kmh = float(speed_str)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            speed_kmh = DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH

    data['speed_kmh'] = speed_kmh
    # travel time in minutes
    data['travel_time_min'] = (length_m / 1000.0) / speed_kmh * 60.0

print("  Travel times added.")

# Also keep the original G (EPSG:4326) for geometry lookups
# Make a copy of node coordinates for later use
node_coords_4326 = {n: (G.nodes[n]['x'], G.nodes[n]['y']) for n in G.nodes}

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Helper: nearest node on the original graph (EPSG:4326)
# ------------------------------------------------------------
def nearest_node(lon, lat):
    """Return the nearest graph node id for (lon, lat) in EPSG:4326."""
    return ox.nearest_nodes(G, lon, lat)

def get_route_geometry_4326(path_nodes):
    """Build a LineString (in EPSG:4326) from a list of node IDs."""
    coords = [node_coords_4326[n] for n in path_nodes]
    return LineString(coords)

def shortest_path_info(orig_node, dest_node):
    """
    Return (path_nodes, distance_meters) for the shortest route
    from orig_node to dest_node on G_proj, weighted by travel_time_min.
    """
    try:
        path = nx.shortest_path(G_proj, orig_node, dest_node, weight='travel_time_min')
    except (nx.NetworkXNoPath, nx.NodeNotFound):
        return None, None

    total_dist = 0.0
    for i in range(len(path) - 1):
        u, v = path[i], path[i + 1]
        edge_data = G_proj.get_edge_data(u, v)
        if edge_data is None:
            continue
        # If multiple parallel edges exist, pick the first one
        first_key = next(iter(edge_data.keys()))
        total_dist += edge_data[first_key]['length']
    return path, total_dist

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 4. Compute all incident–hospital distances
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 4. Computing incident–hospital distances ===")

all_pairs = []
for i, inc in incidents_gdf_4326.iterrows():
    inc_id = inc['incident_id']
    inc_lon = inc.geometry.x
    inc_lat = inc.geometry.y
    inc_node = nearest_node(inc_lon, inc_lat)

    for j, hosp in hospitals_gdf_4326.iterrows():
        hosp_name = hosp['hospital_name']
        hosp_lon = hosp.geometry.x
        hosp_lat = hosp.geometry.y
        hosp_node = nearest_node(hosp_lon, hosp_lat)

        path, dist_m = shortest_path_info(inc_node, hosp_node)
        if path is None:
            continue

        all_pairs.append({
            'incident_id': inc_id,
            'hospital_name': hosp_name,
            'network_distance_m': dist_m,
            'inc_node': inc_node,
            'hosp_node': hosp_node,
            'path_nodes': path
        })

pairs_df = pd.DataFrame(all_pairs)
print(f"  {len(pairs_df)} valid incident-hospital pairs computed.")

if len(pairs_df) == 0:
    print("  FATAL: No valid routes found. Check bbox and data connectivity.")
    exit(1)

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 5. Layer: incidents — write directly in metric CRS
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 5. Writing layer: incidents ===")
incidents_layer = incidents_gdf_metric.copy()
# Ensure geometry column name is 'geometry'
incidents_layer = incidents_layer.set_geometry('geometry')
print(f"  {len(incidents_layer)} points.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 6. Layer: closest_hospital — one route per incident
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 6. Building layer: closest_hospital ===")
closest_idx = pairs_df.groupby('incident_id')['network_distance_m'].idxmin()
closest_rows = []

for _, row in pairs_df.loc[closest_idx].iterrows():
    line_4326 = get_route_geometry_4326(row['path_nodes'])
    closest_rows.append({
        'incident_id': row['incident_id'],
        'hospital_name': row['hospital_name'],
        'network_distance_m': row['network_distance_m'],
        'geometry': line_4326
    })

closest_hospital_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(closest_rows, crs='EPSG:4326')
closest_hospital_gdf = closest_hospital_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(closest_hospital_gdf)} routes.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 7. Layer: distance_matrix — 3 nearest hospitals per incident
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 7. Building layer: distance_matrix ===")
pairs_sorted = pairs_df.sort_values(['incident_id', 'network_distance_m'])
matrix_rows = []
for inc_id, group in pairs_sorted.groupby('incident_id'):
    top3 = group.head(3)
    for rank, (_, row) in enumerate(top3.iterrows(), start=1):
        matrix_rows.append({
            'incident_id': inc_id,
            'hospital_name': row['hospital_name'],
            'rank': rank,
            'network_distance_m': float(row['network_distance_m'])
        })

distance_matrix_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    matrix_rows,
    geometry=[None] * len(matrix_rows),
    crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS
)
print(f"  {len(distance_matrix_gdf)} rows.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 8. Layer: isochrones_15min — one polygon per hospital
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 8. Building layer: isochrones_15min ===")

isochrone_rows = []
for _, hosp in hospitals_gdf_4326.iterrows():
    hosp_name = hosp['hospital_name']
    hosp_lon = hosp.geometry.x
    hosp_lat = hosp.geometry.y
    hosp_node = nearest_node(hosp_lon, hosp_lat)

    try:
        # Get all nodes reachable within 15 minutes (travel_time_min)
        reachable_times = nx.single_source_dijkstra_path_length(
            G_proj, hosp_node, cutoff=ISOCHRONE_MINUTES, weight='travel_time_min'
        )
    except nx.NodeNotFound:
        continue

    if len(reachable_times) < 2:
        continue

    # Build a convex hull from reachable node positions (in EPSG:4326)
    pts = []
    for node_id in reachable_times.keys():
        lon, lat = node_coords_4326[node_id]
        pts.append(Point(lon, lat))

    if len(pts) < 3:
        continue

    multipoint = MultiPoint(pts)
    hull = multipoint.convex_hull

    # convex_hull could be Point or LineString if colinear
    if hull.geom_type not in ('Polygon', 'MultiPolygon'):
        continue

    isochrone_rows.append({
        'hospital_name': hosp_name,
        'travel_time_min': ISOCHRONE_MINUTES,
        'geometry': hull
    })

# If multiple hospitals, optionally union overlapping isochrones to avoid overlap
# (but spec says one row per hospital, so we keep them separate)
isochrones_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(isochrone_rows, crs='EPSG:4326')
isochrones_gdf = isochrones_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(isochrones_gdf)} isochrones.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 9. Write everything to GeoPackage
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 9. Writing to GeoPackage ===")

# Remove existing file
if os.path.exists(OUTPUT):
    os.remove(OUTPUT)

incidents_layer.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='incidents', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: incidents")

closest_hospital_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='closest_hospital', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: closest_hospital")

distance_matrix_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='distance_matrix', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: distance_matrix")

isochrones_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='isochrones_15min', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: isochrones_15min")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 10. Verification
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("\n=== 10. Verification ===")
layers = gpd.list_layers(OUTPUT)
print("  Layers in GPKG:")
for _, row in layers.iterrows():
    print(f"    - {row['name']} (type: {row['geometry_type']})")

for layer_name in ['incidents', 'closest_hospital', 'distance_matrix', 'isochrones_15min']:
    gdf = gpd.read_file(OUTPUT, layer=layer_name)
    print(f"\n  Layer '{layer_name}': {len(gdf)} rows, CRS={gdf.crs}")
    print(f"    Columns: {list(gdf.columns)}")
    if layer_name == 'incidents':
        print(f"    incident_ids: {list(gdf['incident_id'])}")
    elif layer_name == 'closest_hospital':
        print(f"    Sample: {gdf[['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'network_distance_m']].head(3)}")
    elif layer_name == 'distance_matrix':
        print(f"    Sample: {gdf[['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'rank', 'network_distance_m']].head(6)}")
    elif layer_name == 'isochrones_15min':
        print(f"    Hospitals covered: {list(gdf['hospital_name'])}")

print("\n✅ Done! File:", OUTPUT)
Wrote /work/build_routing.py (12268 chars).
2:05 
Let me run the script to see if it works.
2:05
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM data ===
  Downloading driveable road network...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 46, in <module>
    G = ox.graph_from_bbox(*BBOX, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
TypeError: graph_from_bbox() takes 1 positional argument but 4 positional arguments (and 2 keyword-only arguments) were given
2:12 
The `graph_from_bbox` function in newer OSMnx expects named arguments. Let me check the signature.
2:12
Bash cd /work && python3 -c "import inspect; import osmnx as ox; print(inspect.signat... 
(bbox: 'tuple[float, float, float, float]', *, network_type: 'str' = 'all', simplify: 'bool' = True, retain_all: 'bool' = False, truncate_by_edge: 'bool' = False, custom_filter: 'str | list[str] | None' = None) -> 'nx.MultiDiGraph'
2:30 
OK, the signature requires `bbox` as a single tuple argument. Let me fix the code.
2:30
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
2:34 
Also need to check `ox.features_from_bbox`. Let me also check its signature.
2:34
Bash cd /work && python3 -c "import inspect; import osmnx as ox; print(inspect.signat... 
(bbox: 'tuple[float, float, float, float]', tags: 'dict[str, bool | str | list[str]]') -> 'gpd.GeoDataFrame'
2:35
Bash cd /work && python3 -c "import inspect; import osmnx as ox; print(inspect.signat... 
(G: 'nx.MultiDiGraph', X: 'float | Iterable[float]', Y: 'float | Iterable[float]', *, return_dist: 'bool' = False) -> 'int | npt.NDArray[np.int64] | tuple[int, float] | tuple[npt.NDArray[np.int64], npt.NDArray[np.float64]]'
2:43 
I need to fix the `features_from_bbox` call as well - it takes a tuple, not `*args`. And `nearest_nodes` takes `X, Y` (lon, lat) order. Let me fix the script.
2:43
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
2:49 
Now I need to also fix the `nearest_nodes` call - the signature is `(G, X, Y)` not `(G, lon, lat)`. The function uses X for longitude and Y for latitude. Let me check the code.

In my code I have:
```python
def nearest_node(lon, lat):
    """Return the nearest graph node id for (lon, lat) in EPSG:4326."""
    return ox.nearest_nodes(G, lon, lat)
```

This should be fine - `X` is longitude, `Y` is latitude. Let me also check `ox.project_graph` - in osmnx 2.x, `project_graph` requires `to_crs` or uses the default. Let me also check `ox.nearest_nodes` with the new API - actually in osmnx 2.x, `nearest_nodes` takes `(G, X, Y)` which is what I'm doing. So this should be fine.

Let me run again.
2:49
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM data ===
  Downloading driveable road network...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 204, in _new_conn
    sock = connection.create_connection(
        (self._dns_host, self.port),
    ...<2 lines>...
        socket_options=self.socket_options,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 85, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 788, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1106, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 759, in connect
    self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 219, in _new_conn
    raise NewConnectionError(
        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
    ) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 696, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 842, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 543, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 46, in <module>
    G = ox.graph_from_bbox(BBOX, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 106, in graph_from_bbox
    G = graph_from_polygon(
        polygon,
    ...<4 lines>...
        custom_filter=custom_filter,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 496, in graph_from_polygon
    G_buff = _create_graph(response_jsons, bidirectional)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 625, in _create_graph
    for response_json in response_jsons:
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/_overpass.py", line 402, in _download_overpass_network
    yield _overpass_request(OrderedDict(data=query_str))
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/_overpass.py", line 469, in _overpass_request
    response = requests.post(
        url,
    ...<3 lines>...
        **settings.requests_kwargs,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 134, in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 71, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 651, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 784, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 729, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
3:55 
The Overpass API server is refusing the connection. Let me try alternative Overpass endpoints or check if there's a local/proxy network setup.
3:55
Bash # Try alternate overpass endpoints 
# Try alternate overpass endpoints
python3 -c "
import requests
urls = [
    'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter',
    'https://overpass.kumi.systems/api/interpreter',
    'https://overpass.openstreetmap.ie/api/interpreter',
]
for url in urls:
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
        print(f'{url}: status={r.status_code}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'{url}: {e}')
" 2>&1
https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter: status=406
https://overpass.kumi.systems/api/interpreter: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass.kumi.systems', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=10)
https://overpass.openstreetmap.ie/api/interpreter: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass.openstreetmap.ie', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass.openstreetmap.ie', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 113] No route to host"))
4:15 
It seems overpass-api.de is reachable (status 406 just means the request wasn't POST). Let me check if maybe there's a network issue. Actually status 406 means it responded - the connection is fine. The issue might be that OSMnx is using the wrong settings. Let me check OSMnx settings and try again with a simpler approach.

Actually, the initial error said "ConnectionRefusedError" which suggests overpass-api.de was refusing the connection at that moment. But now it's responding. Let me try running again.
4:15
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
# Check settings
print('Default endpoint:', ox.settings.overpass_endpoint)
print('Requests timeout:', ox.settings.timeout)
print('Requests kwargs:', ox.settings.requests_kwargs)
" 2>&1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 4, in <module>
    print('Default endpoint:', ox.settings.overpass_endpoint)
                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
AttributeError: module 'osmnx.settings' has no attribute 'overpass_endpoint'
4:21
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
print(dir(ox.settings))
" 2>&1
['Any', 'TYPE_CHECKING', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__conditional_annotations__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'all_oneway', 'annotations', 'bidirectional_network_types', 'cache_folder', 'cache_only_mode', 'data_folder', 'default_access', 'default_crs', 'doh_url_template', 'elevation_url_template', 'http_accept_language', 'http_referer', 'http_user_agent', 'imgs_folder', 'lg', 'log_console', 'log_file', 'log_filename', 'log_level', 'log_name', 'logs_folder', 'max_query_area_size', 'nominatim_key', 'nominatim_url', 'overpass_memory', 'overpass_rate_limit', 'overpass_settings', 'overpass_url', 'requests_kwargs', 'requests_timeout', 'use_cache', 'useful_tags_node', 'useful_tags_way']
4:32 
Let me check the overpass_url setting and try to configure it properly.
4:32
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
print('Overpass URL:', ox.settings.overpass_url)
print('Timeout:', ox.settings.requests_timeout)

# Try the actual overpass API with a simple query
import requests
url = ox.settings.overpass_url
print(f'Testing {url}...')
try:
    r = requests.post(url, data='[out:json];node(48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38)[amenity=hospital];out;', timeout=30, 
                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'})
    print(f'Status: {r.status_code}, len={len(r.text)}')
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Error: {e}')
" 2>&1
Overpass URL: https://overpass-api.de/api
Timeout: 180
Testing https://overpass-api.de/api...
Status: 406, len=371
4:41 
The Overpass API is returning a 406 error. This might be because the content-type header isn't set correctly, or the request format differs. Let me check what's in the response and try different approaches.

Actually, the 406 error from overpass-api.de typically means the request is malformed or missing required headers. Let me try sending a proper POST with the right content type.
4:41
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests

# Proper POST with data parameter
query = '[out:json];node(48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38)[amenity=hospital];out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, timeout=30)
print(f'Status: {r.status_code}, len={len(r.text)}')
print(f'First 500 chars: {r.text[:500]}')
" 2>&1
Status: 406, len=371
First 500 chars: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.67 (Debian) Server at overpass-api.de Port 443</address>
</body></html>
4:49 
The 406 error is likely due to the Accept header. Let me try with different headers.
4:49
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests

query = '[out:json];node(48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38)[amenity=hospital];out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
# Try with proper headers
headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'Accept': 'application/json'}
r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=30)
print(f'Status: {r.status_code}, len={len(r.text)}')
print(f'First 500 chars: {r.text[:500]}')
" 2>&1
Status: 406, len=371
First 500 chars: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.67 (Debian) Server at overpass-api.de Port 443</address>
</body></html>
4:57 
The overpass API is returning 406 Not Acceptable. Let me check what osmnx uses and maybe we need to set different settings. Let me check the actual settings used by osmnx.

Actually, let me try a different approach - use the `overpass` Python library directly or use `osmnx` with proper settings.
4:57
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
print('overpass_settings:', ox.settings.overpass_settings)
print('overpass_url:', ox.settings.overpass_url)
print('requests_kwargs:', ox.settings.requests_kwargs)
print('http_accept_language:', ox.settings.http_accept_language)
print('http_referer:', ox.settings.http_referer)
print('http_user_agent:', ox.settings.http_user_agent)
" 2>&1
overpass_settings: [out:json][timeout:{timeout}]{maxsize}
overpass_url: https://overpass-api.de/api
requests_kwargs: {}
http_accept_language: en
http_referer: OSMnx Python package (https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx)
http_user_agent: OSMnx Python package (https://github.com/gboeing/osmnx)
5:03 
The 406 error suggests the Overpass API is rejecting requests due to some header/content issue. Let me try osmnx directly - it should handle the headers properly. Let me test what happens when osmnx tries to use the overpass API.
5:03
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
import requests

# Let's see what headers osmnx sends - trace it
# First, let's try to set a proper user-agent
ox.settings.http_user_agent = 'GIS-Analysis-Tool/1.0'
ox.settings.requests_kwargs = {}

# Now test a tiny query
try:
    G = ox.graph_from_point((48.85, 2.35), dist=500, network_type='drive')
    print('Success! Nodes:', len(G.nodes), 'Edges:', len(G.edges))
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
" 2>&1
Success! Nodes: 131 Edges: 232
5:15 
The overpass API works but the bbox-based `graph_from_bbox` was failing. Let me use `graph_from_point` or `graph_from_polygon` with a bounding box polygon instead. Actually, the issue was just the initial connection attempt - maybe it was a transient network issue. Let me try again with the bbox approach but with a different method or retry.

Actually, looking more carefully, `graph_from_bbox` with a tuple parameter should work now that I fixed it. Let me just try again - the connection error might have been temporary.
5:15
5:15
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM data ===
  Downloading driveable road network...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 46, in <module>
    G = ox.graph_from_bbox(BBOX, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 106, in graph_from_bbox
    G = graph_from_polygon(
        polygon,
    ...<4 lines>...
        custom_filter=custom_filter,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 496, in graph_from_polygon
    G_buff = _create_graph(response_jsons, bidirectional)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 642, in _create_graph
    raise InsufficientResponseError(msg)
osmnx._errors.InsufficientResponseError: No data elements in server response. Check query location/filters and log.
5:26 
The bbox approach fails with "InsufficientResponseError". The point-based approach worked. Let me try a different approach - first fetch the data using a point-based query for the whole area, or adjust the bbox format. Let me see what's happening.

Actually, the issue might be that `graph_from_bbox` with just a bbox doesn't correctly handle the area. Let me check the docs more carefully and try using `graph_from_bbox` with the named parameters properly, or use `graph_from_point` for each incident and merge, or use `graph_from_polygon`.

Actually, the simplest approach is probably to download the data using a direct Overpass query via `ox.features_from_bbox` or something similar.

Wait, let me look at the graph_from_bbox signature again. It expects `bbox: 'tuple[float, float, float, float]'` which should be (south, west, north, east). That's what I'm passing. The error is "No data elements in server response". This might be because the query area is too large or the Overpass server is having issues.

Let me try to fetch using a different approach - maybe use `ox.graph_from_polygon` with a bounding box polygon, or download the area step by step.

Actually, let me just try again - it might be a transient issue.
5:26
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox

# Try a smaller bbox first
bbox = (48.84, 2.31, 48.87, 2.37)
try:
    G = ox.graph_from_bbox(bbox, network_type='drive')
    print(f'Success! Nodes: {len(G.nodes)}, Edges: {len(G.edges)}')
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
" 2>&1
Error: ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
6:38 
The overpass API is unreliable. Let me try a different approach: fetch data using a direct HTTP request to overpass-api.de with proper parameters, or try using a different endpoint.

Actually, the `graph_from_point` worked but `graph_from_bbox` failed. Let me check if there's a rate limiting issue or something else. Let me try to manually construct the overpass query and use the requests library directly.

Let me also check if we can download the OSM data via other means (like using `osmnx` with a polygon).

Actually, let me try to use `ox.graph_from_bbox` with a smaller bbox and see if it works after some changes.
6:38
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
import requests

# Try direct overpass query
query = '[out:json][timeout:180][maxsize:1073741824];(way[\"highway\"~\"^(motorway|trunk|primary|secondary|tertiary|unclassified|residential|service|living_street|motorway_link|trunk_link|primary_link|secondary_link|tertiary_link)$\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);>;);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=120)
print(f'Status: {r.status_code}')
if r.status_code == 200:
    import json
    data = r.json()
    print(f'Elements: {len(data.get(\"elements\", []))}')
else:
    print(f'Response: {r.text[:500]}')
" 2>&1
Status: 406
Response: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.67 (Debian) Server at overpass-api.de Port 443</address>
</body></html>
6:46 
The overpass-api.de server seems to be rejecting our requests with 406. But earlier, `graph_from_point` worked fine. Let me check what the difference is.

Wait, actually `graph_from_point` succeeded earlier but the bbox approach failed. Let me look at what `graph_from_point` does for the overpass query vs `graph_from_bbox`.

Actually, looking at the error more carefully - the 406 is coming from overpass-api.de but `graph_from_point` succeeded. Let me try the bbox approach again - maybe there's a transient issue.

Actually wait - the point test succeeded but then the bbox failed immediately after with a connection refused. So it's intermittent network issues with overpass-api.de.

Let me try a different approach: use `graph_from_point` to cover the area with multiple overlapping points, or use the polygon approach. Or maybe use `graph_from_bbox` with a different overpass endpoint.

Let me try a different approach entirely - build the graph from a polygon covering the bbox.
6:46
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
from shapely.geometry import box

# Build a polygon for the bbox and use graph_from_polygon
poly = box(2.30, 48.83, 2.38, 48.88)
G = ox.graph_from_polygon(poly, network_type='drive')
print(f'Success! Nodes: {len(G.nodes)}, Edges: {len(G.edges)}')
" 2>&1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 204, in _new_conn
    sock = connection.create_connection(
        (self._dns_host, self.port),
    ...<2 lines>...
        socket_options=self.socket_options,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 85, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 788, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1106, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 759, in connect
    self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 219, in _new_conn
    raise NewConnectionError(
        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
    ) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 696, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 842, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 543, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 7, in <module>
    G = ox.graph_from_polygon(poly, network_type='drive')
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 496, in graph_from_polygon
    G_buff = _create_graph(response_jsons, bidirectional)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/graph.py", line 625, in _create_graph
    for response_json in response_jsons:
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/_overpass.py", line 402, in _download_overpass_network
    yield _overpass_request(OrderedDict(data=query_str))
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/_overpass.py", line 469, in _overpass_request
    response = requests.post(
        url,
    ...<3 lines>...
        **settings.requests_kwargs,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 134, in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 71, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 651, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 784, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 729, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
7:56 
The overpass API is intermittently refusing connections. Let me try a different approach - maybe use a different Overpass instance or try using `graph_from_point` with a larger radius to build the graph by combining multiple smaller queries. Or maybe the earlier `graph_from_point` worked because it used a cached query.

Let me check if there's a cache that got populated from the first successful query.
7:56
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
print('Cache folder:', ox.settings.cache_folder)
print('Cache only mode:', ox.settings.cache_only_mode)
" 2>&1
Cache folder: ./cache
Cache only mode: False
8:03 
The issue is that the overpass-api.de server is refusing connections from this environment. But earlier `graph_from_point` worked! Let me check if that created a cache file that could be used.

Wait, the issue is that `graph_from_point` worked but `graph_from_bbox` doesn't. The difference might be in the query size or something else. Let me try a different approach - use `graph_from_point` repeatedly or use a different endpoint.

Actually, the 406 error with POST requests is strange. Let me look at how osmnx sends requests - it uses POST with `data` parameter which is passed as a dict to requests.post. Let me look at the osmnx source to see exactly what it does.
8:03
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
# Check what the _overpass_request function does
import inspect
from osmnx._overpass import _overpass_request
print(inspect.getsource(_overpass_request))
" 2>&1
def _overpass_request(data: OrderedDict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """
    Send a HTTP POST request to the Overpass API and return response.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data
        Key-value pairs of parameters.

    Returns
    -------
    response_json
        The Overpass API's response.
    """
    # resolve url to same IP even if there is server round-robin redirecting
    _http._config_dns(settings.overpass_url)

    # prepare the Overpass API URL and see if request already exists in cache
    url = settings.overpass_url.rstrip("/") + "/interpreter"
    prepared_url = str(requests.Request("GET", url, params=data).prepare().url)
    cached_response_json = _http._retrieve_from_cache(prepared_url)
    if isinstance(cached_response_json, dict):
        return cached_response_json

    # pause then request this URL
    pause = _get_overpass_pause(settings.overpass_url)
    hostname = _http._hostname_from_url(url)
    msg = f"Pausing {pause} second(s) before making HTTP POST request to {hostname!r}"
    utils.log(msg, level=lg.INFO)
    time.sleep(pause)

    # transmit the HTTP POST request
    msg = f"Post {prepared_url} with timeout={settings.requests_timeout}"
    utils.log(msg, level=lg.INFO)
    response = requests.post(
        url,
        data=data,
        timeout=settings.requests_timeout,
        headers=_http._get_http_headers(),
        **settings.requests_kwargs,
    )

    # handle 429 and 504 errors by pausing then recursively re-trying request
    if response.status_code in {429, 504}:  # pragma: no cover
        error_pause = 55
        msg = (
            f"{hostname!r} responded {response.status_code} {response.reason}: "
            f"we'll retry in {error_pause} secs"
        )
        utils.log(msg, level=lg.WARNING)
        time.sleep(error_pause)
        return _overpass_request(data)

    response_json = _http._parse_response(response)
    if not isinstance(response_json, dict):  # pragma: no cover
        msg = "Overpass API did not return a dict of results."
        raise InsufficientResponseError(msg)
    _http._save_to_cache(prepared_url, response_json, response.ok)
    return response_json
8:13 
The issue seems intermittent - sometimes the connection works (graph_from_point worked), sometimes it doesn't (connection refused). Let me try using graph_from_point with a larger distance to cover the area, or use multiple smaller queries.

Actually, let me try a different approach - use `ox.graph_from_bbox` with a different overpass URL or try multiple times. The connection refused issue seems to be transient.

Let me try using graph_from_point to cover the area, or use a different endpoint.
8:13
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
# Try graph_from_point with large enough distance
ox.settings.log_console = True
ox.settings.cache_only_mode = False

# The bbox center is around (48.855, 2.34)
# Roughly 4.5km x 6km area -> use dist of ~4500
try:
    G = ox.graph_from_point((48.855, 2.34), dist=4000, network_type='drive')
    print(f'Success! Nodes: {len(G.nodes)}, Edges: {len(G.edges)}')
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
" 2>&1
2026-06-17 00:54:16 Created bbox 4000 meters from (48.855, 2.34): (np.float64(2.2853273197317714), np.float64(48.81902718658028), np.float64(2.3946726802682283), np.float64(48.890972813419715))
2026-06-17 00:54:16 Projected GeoDataFrame to 'EPSG:32631 / WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N'
2026-06-17 00:54:16 Projected GeoDataFrame to 'EPSG:4326 / WGS 84'
2026-06-17 00:54:16 Projected GeoDataFrame to 'EPSG:32631 / WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N'
2026-06-17 00:54:17 Projected GeoDataFrame to 'EPSG:4326 / WGS 84'
2026-06-17 00:54:17 Requesting data from API in 1 request(s)
2026-06-17 00:54:17 Resolved 'overpass-api.de' to '65.109.112.52'
2026-06-17 00:54:17 Unable to reach https://overpass-api.de/api/status, HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/status (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
2026-06-17 00:54:17 Pausing 60 second(s) before making HTTP POST request to 'overpass-api.de'
2026-06-17 00:55:17 Post https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter?data=%5Bout%3Ajson%5D%5Btimeout%3A180%5D%3B%28way%5B%22highway%22%5D%5B%22area%22%21~%22yes%22%5D%5B%22access%22%21~%22private%22%5D%5B%22highway%22%21~%22abandoned%7Cbridleway%7Cbus_guideway%7Cconstruction%7Ccorridor%7Ccycleway%7Celevator%7Cescalator%7Cfootway%7Cno%7Cpath%7Cpedestrian%7Cplanned%7Cplatform%7Cproposed%7Craceway%7Crazed%7Crest_area%7Cservice%7Cservices%7Csteps%7Ctrack%22%5D%5B%22motor_vehicle%22%21~%22no%22%5D%5B%22motorcar%22%21~%22no%22%5D%5B%22service%22%21~%22alley%7Cdriveway%7Cemergency_access%7Cparking%7Cparking_aisle%7Cprivate%22%5D%28poly%3A%2748.819027+2.278516+48.890973+2.278506+48.891413+2.278539+48.891850+2.278637+48.892278+2.278800+48.892693+2.279025+48.893092+2.279311+48.893470+2.279655+48.893825+2.280053+48.894152+2.280502+48.894448+2.280998+48.894711+2.281535+48.894938+2.282109+48.895127+2.282713+48.895276+2.283343+48.895384+2.283992+48.895449+2.284654+48.895471+2.285322+48.895471+2.394678+48.895449+2.395346+48.895384+2.396008+48.895276+2.396657+48.895127+2.397287+48.894938+2.397891+48.894711+2.398465+48.894448+2.399002+48.894152+2.399498+48.893825+2.399947+48.893471+2.400345+48.893092+2.400689+48.892693+2.400975+48.892278+2.401200+48.891850+2.401363+48.891413+2.401461+48.890973+2.401494+48.819027+2.401484+48.818586+2.401451+48.818149+2.401353+48.817721+2.401190+48.817305+2.400965+48.816906+2.400679+48.816527+2.400335+48.816173+2.399936+48.815845+2.399487+48.815549+2.398991+48.815286+2.398454+48.815059+2.397880+48.814871+2.397276+48.814722+2.396646+48.814615+2.395997+48.814551+2.395336+48.814529+2.394668+48.814529+2.285332+48.814551+2.284664+48.814615+2.284003+48.814722+2.283354+48.814871+2.282724+48.815059+2.282120+48.815286+2.281546+48.815549+2.281009+48.815846+2.280513+48.816173+2.280064+48.816527+2.279665+48.816906+2.279321+48.817305+2.279035+48.817721+2.278810+48.818149+2.278647+48.818586+2.278549+48.819027+2.278516%27%29%3B%3E%3B%29%3Bout%3B with timeout=180
2026-06-17 00:55:17 Resolved 'overpass-api.de' to '65.109.112.52'
Error: ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
9:23 
The Overpass API at overpass-api.de is refusing connections. Let me try other endpoints. I can see from the osmnx settings that `overpass_url` is configurable. Let me try some alternatives.

Also, I notice the DNS resolution succeeds but connection is refused. Let me try some other overpass endpoints.
9:23
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests
# Try some other overpass endpoints
endpoints = [
    'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter',
    'https://overpass.kumi.systems/api/interpreter',
    'http://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter',
]
for ep in endpoints:
    try:
        r = requests.get(ep, timeout=10)
        print(f'{ep}: status={r.status_code}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'{ep}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
" 2>&1
https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter: status=406
https://overpass.kumi.systems/api/interpreter: ReadTimeout: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass.kumi.systems', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=10)
http://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter: status=406
9:40 
The overpass API returns 406 (Not Acceptable) because it requires a proper Accept header. Let me check what osmnx uses for headers.
9:40
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
from osmnx import _http
import inspect
print(inspect.getsource(_http._get_http_headers))
" 2>&1
def _get_http_headers(
    *,
    user_agent: str | None = None,
    referer: str | None = None,
    accept_language: str | None = None,
) -> dict[str, str]:
    """
    Update the default requests HTTP headers with OSMnx information.

    Parameters
    ----------
    user_agent
        The user agent. If None, use `settings.http_user_agent` value.
    referer
        The referer. If None, use `settings.http_referer` value.
    accept_language
        The accept language. If None, use `settings.http_accept_language`
        value.

    Returns
    -------
    headers
        The updated HTTP headers.
    """
    if user_agent is None:
        user_agent = settings.http_user_agent
    if referer is None:
        referer = settings.http_referer
    if accept_language is None:
        accept_language = settings.http_accept_language

    info = {"User-Agent": user_agent, "referer": referer, "Accept-Language": accept_language}
    headers = dict(requests.utils.default_headers())
    headers.update(info)
    return headers
9:44 
The overpass API seems to be rejecting connections. Let me try with a custom approach - maybe the user-agent or headers are causing issues. Let me try directly with curl to see what happens.
9:44
Bash curl -v --data 'data=[out:json];node(48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38)[amenity=hospital];ou... 
bash: line 1: curl: command not found
9:52 
The overpass API is refusing connections from this environment. Let me try using the `graph_from_point` approach instead, which worked earlier. I'll construct a larger query by using multiple points or a custom approach.

Actually, let me check something - the graph_from_point(dist=4000) worked but graph_from_bbox didn't. Let me look more carefully at the error. The bbox query returned "InsufficientResponseError: No data elements in server response" - this means it connected but got empty results. The error I see now is ConnectionError.

Let me try using graph_from_point with a large enough distance to cover our area, or try graph_from_address.

Actually, the area we need is roughly 48.83-48.88 lat (about 5.5km) and 2.30-2.38 lon (about 6km). So a dist of ~4000m from the center should cover it.

Let me use graph_from_point with dist=4500 which worked earlier.
9:52
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
from shapely.geometry import Point
# graph_from_point worked earlier - let's use it with a big enough distance
# Area: ~6km wide, ~5.5km tall - use 4500m from center
center = (48.855, 2.34)
G = ox.graph_from_point(center, dist=4500, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
print(f'Success! Nodes: {len(G.nodes)}, Edges: {len(G.edges)}')

# Also get hospitals
hospitals = ox.features_from_point(center, dist=4500, tags={'amenity': 'hospital'})
print(f'Hospitals: {len(hospitals)}')
" 2>&1
Success! Nodes: 8671, Edges: 16789
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 204, in _new_conn
    sock = connection.create_connection(
        (self._dns_host, self.port),
    ...<2 lines>...
        socket_options=self.socket_options,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 85, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 788, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1106, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 759, in connect
    self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 219, in _new_conn
    raise NewConnectionError(
        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
    ) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 696, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 842, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 543, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 11, in <module>
    hospitals = ox.features_from_point(center, dist=4500, tags={'amenity': 'hospital'})
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/features.py", line 175, in features_from_point
    return features_from_bbox(bbox, tags)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/features.py", line 130, in features_from_bbox
    return features_from_polygon(polygon, tags)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/features.py", line 332, in features_from_polygon
    return _create_gdf(response_jsons, polygon, tags)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/features.py", line 406, in _create_gdf
    for response_json in response_jsons:
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/_overpass.py", line 432, in _download_overpass_features
    yield _overpass_request(OrderedDict(data=query_str))
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/_overpass.py", line 469, in _overpass_request
    response = requests.post(
        url,
    ...<3 lines>...
        **settings.requests_kwargs,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 134, in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 71, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 651, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 784, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 729, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
11:22 
The graph was successfully downloaded (8671 nodes, 16789 edges), but the hospitals query failed. Let me modify the approach: I already have the graph from graph_from_point (which worked!). I need to also get hospitals. Since graph_from_point worked, let me use that for the graph. For hospitals, I can try using a different Overpass endpoint or maybe just use OSMnx's graph and then query for hospitals separately.

Let me try using the `overpass` module directly or another approach. Actually, maybe I can just use the graph I already have and find hospitals within it using the existing nodes/edges data? No, I need OSM hospital features.

Let me try with the `overpass` Python module directly.
11:22
11:22
Bash pip install --user overpass 2>&1 | tail -5 
Installing collected packages: osm2geojson, overpass
  WARNING: The script osm2geojson is installed in '/home/agent/.local/bin' which is not on PATH.
  Consider adding this directory to PATH or, if you prefer to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location.

Successfully installed osm2geojson-0.3.2 overpass-0.8.2
11:56 
The overpass API seems to be flaky. The graph download worked but the features download failed with connection refused. Let me try a different approach - maybe I can use the `overpass` Python library with a different endpoint, or use a direct query approach.

Actually, wait - the graph download succeeded! And then the features download failed because it's a separate request. Let me check if the overpass API is available intermittently. Let me just retry the features download.
11:56
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
import time

# Retry a few times
for attempt in range(3):
    try:
        hospitals = ox.features_from_point((48.855, 2.34), dist=4500, tags={'amenity': 'hospital'})
        print(f'Success! Hospitals: {len(hospitals)}')
        break
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'Attempt {attempt+1} failed: {type(e).__name__}')
        time.sleep(5)
" 2>&1
Attempt 1 failed: ConnectionError
Attempt 2 failed: ConnectionError
Attempt 3 failed: ConnectionError
15:34 
The Overpass API is consistently refusing connections for the features endpoint. Let me try using a different overpass URL or try the `overpass` Python library directly. Actually, let me check if maybe there's a caching issue or if we need to use a different endpoint. Let me try using the overpass Python library directly.
15:34
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass

api = overpass.API(timeout=180)
# Try a simple query
query = 'node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
try:
    result = api.get(query)
    print(f'Succeess! Elements: {len(result.get(\"features\", []))}')
    for feat in result.get('features', []):
        print(feat)
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
" 2>&1
<string>:4: DeprecationWarning: overpass.API is deprecated and will be removed in overpass 1.0; use overpass.OverpassClient in 1.0 instead.
Succeess! Elements: 16
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 977194624, 'tags': {'amenity': 'hospital', 'check_date': '2026-04-14', 'fax': '+33 1 43 37 73 98', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'intensive', 'name': 'Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire', 'operator': 'Ramsay Santé', 'operator:type': 'private', 'operator:wikidata': 'Q3123085', 'operator:wikipedia': 'fr:Ramsay Santé', 'phone': '+33 1 44 08 40 00', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750300071', 'ref:FR:SIRET': '56209797200011', 'type:FR:FINESS': '128', 'website': 'https://clinique-geoffroy-saint-hilaire-paris.ramsaygds.fr/'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3549103, 48.8435512]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 1684818336, 'tags': {'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Institut Curie', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750160012', 'type:FR:FINESS': '131', 'wikidata': 'Q2451973'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3435197, 48.8426449]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 3501719723, 'tags': {'alt_name': 'GHU Paris - Hauteville', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'contact:city': 'Paris', 'contact:housenumber': '26', 'contact:postcode': '75010', 'contact:street': "Rue d'Hauteville", 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'psychiatry', 'name': 'Hôpital Maison Blanche', 'operator': 'GHU PARIS PSYCHIATRIE ET NEUROSCIENCES', 'operator:type': 'public', 'phone': '+33 1 40 22 12 69', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750023749', 'source': 'cadastre-dgi-fr source : Direction Générale des Impôts - Cadastre. Mise à jour : 2010/local_knowledge', 'website': 'https://www.ghu-paris.fr/fr/annuaire-des-structures-medicales?address=&sector=All&categories=All&type_audience=All&type_support=All&keys=hauteville', 'wheelchair': 'yes'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3503654, 48.8726355]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 7603808418, 'tags': {'addr:city': 'Paris', 'addr:housenumber': '14', 'addr:postcode': '75003', 'addr:street': 'Rue Volta', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin', 'old_name': 'Centre Au Maire Volta', 'opening_hours': 'Mo-Fr 08:30-19:00', 'operator': 'Ville de Paris', 'phone': '+33 1 48 87 49 87', 'website': 'https://paris.fr/centresdesante', 'wheelchair': 'yes', 'wheelchair:description:fr': 'Centre de plain pied'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3573815, 48.8647994]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 10594499020, 'tags': {'addr:city': 'Paris', 'addr:housenumber': '17', 'addr:postcode': '75001', 'addr:street': "Rue des Prêtres Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois", 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Clinique du Louvre'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3411286, 48.8592105]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 10736464005, 'tags': {'addr:housenumber': '211', 'addr:postcode': '75015', 'addr:street': 'Rue de Vaugirard', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': "Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur", 'opening_hours': 'Su-Fr 09:00-17:00', 'phone': '+33 1 45 68 80 88', 'website': 'https://www.pasteur.fr'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3096451, 48.8419867]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 12198581893, 'tags': {'alt_name': 'Institut du Glaucome', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'ophthalmology', 'name': 'Institut de la Vue Paris Saint-Joseph'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3102741, 48.8301458]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 13510562101, 'tags': {'addr:housenumber': '37', 'addr:postcode': '75015', 'addr:street': 'Rue des Volontaires', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Centre de santé Saint Jacques'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3088476, 48.8406631]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 977194624, 'tags': {'amenity': 'hospital', 'check_date': '2026-04-14', 'fax': '+33 1 43 37 73 98', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'intensive', 'name': 'Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire', 'operator': 'Ramsay Santé', 'operator:type': 'private', 'operator:wikidata': 'Q3123085', 'operator:wikipedia': 'fr:Ramsay Santé', 'phone': '+33 1 44 08 40 00', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750300071', 'ref:FR:SIRET': '56209797200011', 'type:FR:FINESS': '128', 'website': 'https://clinique-geoffroy-saint-hilaire-paris.ramsaygds.fr/'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3549103, 48.8435512]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 1684818336, 'tags': {'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Institut Curie', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750160012', 'type:FR:FINESS': '131', 'wikidata': 'Q2451973'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3435197, 48.8426449]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 3501719723, 'tags': {'alt_name': 'GHU Paris - Hauteville', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'contact:city': 'Paris', 'contact:housenumber': '26', 'contact:postcode': '75010', 'contact:street': "Rue d'Hauteville", 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'psychiatry', 'name': 'Hôpital Maison Blanche', 'operator': 'GHU PARIS PSYCHIATRIE ET NEUROSCIENCES', 'operator:type': 'public', 'phone': '+33 1 40 22 12 69', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750023749', 'source': 'cadastre-dgi-fr source : Direction Générale des Impôts - Cadastre. Mise à jour : 2010/local_knowledge', 'website': 'https://www.ghu-paris.fr/fr/annuaire-des-structures-medicales?address=&sector=All&categories=All&type_audience=All&type_support=All&keys=hauteville', 'wheelchair': 'yes'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3503654, 48.8726355]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 7603808418, 'tags': {'addr:city': 'Paris', 'addr:housenumber': '14', 'addr:postcode': '75003', 'addr:street': 'Rue Volta', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin', 'old_name': 'Centre Au Maire Volta', 'opening_hours': 'Mo-Fr 08:30-19:00', 'operator': 'Ville de Paris', 'phone': '+33 1 48 87 49 87', 'website': 'https://paris.fr/centresdesante', 'wheelchair': 'yes', 'wheelchair:description:fr': 'Centre de plain pied'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3573815, 48.8647994]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 10594499020, 'tags': {'addr:city': 'Paris', 'addr:housenumber': '17', 'addr:postcode': '75001', 'addr:street': "Rue des Prêtres Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois", 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Clinique du Louvre'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3411286, 48.8592105]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 10736464005, 'tags': {'addr:housenumber': '211', 'addr:postcode': '75015', 'addr:street': 'Rue de Vaugirard', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': "Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur", 'opening_hours': 'Su-Fr 09:00-17:00', 'phone': '+33 1 45 68 80 88', 'website': 'https://www.pasteur.fr'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3096451, 48.8419867]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 12198581893, 'tags': {'alt_name': 'Institut du Glaucome', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'ophthalmology', 'name': 'Institut de la Vue Paris Saint-Joseph'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3102741, 48.8301458]}}
{'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {'type': 'node', 'id': 13510562101, 'tags': {'addr:housenumber': '37', 'addr:postcode': '75015', 'addr:street': 'Rue des Volontaires', 'amenity': 'hospital', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'name': 'Centre de santé Saint Jacques'}}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [2.3088476, 48.8406631]}}
16:18 
The `overpass` library works. It returned 16 features but many are duplicates (same nodes appearing twice). Let me get unique hospitals. Now let me rewrite the script to use the `overpass` library for hospitals and use `graph_from_point` for the road network (since `graph_from_bbox` doesn't work reliably).

Let me also check the graph's center and extent to make sure it covers all incidents and hospitals.

Incidents:
- INC_001: 48.8566, 2.3522 (near Notre-Dame)
- INC_002: 48.8620, 2.3360 (near Louvre)
- INC_003: 48.8462, 2.3464 (Quartier Latin)
- INC_004: 48.8700, 2.3431 (near Gare du Nord area)
- INC_005: 48.8530, 2.3325 (Luxembourg Garden area)
- INC_006: 48.8600, 2.3700 (Bastille area)
- INC_007: 48.8450, 2.3100 (near Montparnasse)
- INC_008: 48.8750, 2.3600 (near Republique)

All within 48.83-48.88, 2.30-2.38. Center is around (48.855, 2.34). Distance from center to corners is roughly:
- To (48.83, 2.30): delta_lat=0.025° (~2.8km), delta_lon=0.04° (~3.0km) → ~4.1km
- To (48.88, 2.38): delta_lat=0.025°, delta_lon=0.04° → ~4.1km

So dist=4500 should cover it. But the hospitals also need to be within range. Some hospitals are at:
- 48.8301458, 2.3102741 - Institut de la Vue - that's at the southern edge, ~2.8km from center
- So 4500m should cover them all.

Let me rewrite the script properly.
16:18
16:18
Write /work/build_routing.py
content · 324 lines · py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Build emergency routing coverage model.
Output: emergency_routing.gpkg with 4 layers.
"""

import pandas as pd
import geopandas as gpd
import osmnx as ox
import networkx as nx
import numpy as np
import os
import warnings
from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString, MultiPoint, Polygon
import overpass

warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Configuration
# ------------------------------------------------------------
PARIS_METRIC_CRS = 'EPSG:2154'   # RGF93 / Lambert-93
DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH = 30.0
CENTER = (48.855, 2.34)          # center of the bbox region
DIST_M = 4800                    # large enough to cover the whole bbox
OUTPUT = '/work/emergency_routing.gpkg'
ISOCHRONE_MINUTES = 15.0

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 1. Read incidents
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 1. Reading incidents ===")
incidents_df = pd.read_csv('/work/incidents.csv')
incidents_gdf_4326 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    incidents_df[['incident_id']],
    geometry=gpd.points_from_xy(incidents_df.longitude, incidents_df.latitude),
    crs='EPSG:4326'
)
incidents_gdf_metric = incidents_gdf_4326.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(incidents_gdf_metric)} incidents loaded.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 2. Download OSM road network
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===")
G = ox.graph_from_point(CENTER, dist=DIST_M, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
print(f"  Graph: {len(G.nodes)} nodes, {len(G.edges)} edges")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 3. Download hospitals via Overpass API directly
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===")
api = overpass.OverpassClient()
query = (
    'node["amenity"="hospital"]'
    f"(48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);"
    'out center;'
)
result = api.get(query)

# Extract unique hospitals
seen_ids = set()
hosp_records = []
for feat in result.get('features', []):
    node_id = feat['properties'].get('id')
    if node_id in seen_ids:
        continue
    seen_ids.add(node_id)
    props = feat['properties']
    tags = props.get('tags', {})
    name = tags.get('name', None)
    if name is None or str(name).strip() == '':
        name = f"Hospital_{node_id}"
    geom = feat.get('geometry')
    if geom is None or geom['type'] != 'Point':
        continue
    lon, lat = geom['coordinates']
    hosp_records.append({
        'hospital_name': str(name).strip(),
        'geometry': Point(lon, lat)
    })

hospitals_gdf_4326 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(hosp_records, crs='EPSG:4326')
hospitals_gdf_metric = hospitals_gdf_4326.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(hospitals_gdf_4326)} unique hospitals found.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 4. Add travel-time weights to the graph
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 4. Adding travel-time weights ===")
G_proj = ox.project_graph(G, to_crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS)

for u, v, k, data in G_proj.edges(keys=True, data=True):
    length_m = data['length']
    raw_speed = data.get('maxspeed', None)

    if raw_speed is None:
        speed_kmh = DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH
    else:
        if isinstance(raw_speed, list):
            speed_str = str(raw_speed[0])
        else:
            speed_str = str(raw_speed)
        speed_str = speed_str.replace('km/h', '').replace('mph', '').replace(' ', '').strip()
        try:
            speed_kmh = float(speed_str)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            speed_kmh = DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH

    data['speed_kmh'] = speed_kmh
    data['travel_time_min'] = (length_m / 1000.0) / speed_kmh * 60.0

print("  Travel times added.")

# Node coordinates in EPSG:4326 for geometry construction
node_coords_4326 = {n: (G.nodes[n]['x'], G.nodes[n]['y']) for n in G.nodes}

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# Helper functions
# ------------------------------------------------------------
def nearest_node(lon, lat):
    return ox.nearest_nodes(G, lon, lat)

def get_route_line_4326(path_nodes):
    coords = [node_coords_4326[n] for n in path_nodes]
    return LineString(coords)

def shortest_path_info(orig_node, dest_node):
    try:
        path = nx.shortest_path(G_proj, orig_node, dest_node, weight='travel_time_min')
    except (nx.NetworkXNoPath, nx.NodeNotFound):
        return None, None

    total_dist = 0.0
    for i in range(len(path) - 1):
        u, v = path[i], path[i + 1]
        edge_data = G_proj.get_edge_data(u, v)
        if edge_data is None:
            continue
        first_key = next(iter(edge_data.keys()))
        total_dist += edge_data[first_key]['length']
    return path, total_dist

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 5. Compute all incident–hospital distances
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 5. Computing incident-hospital distances ===")

all_pairs = []
for i, inc in incidents_gdf_4326.iterrows():
    inc_id = inc['incident_id']
    inc_lon = inc.geometry.x
    inc_lat = inc.geometry.y
    inc_node = nearest_node(inc_lon, inc_lat)

    for j, hosp in hospitals_gdf_4326.iterrows():
        hosp_name = hosp['hospital_name']
        hosp_lon = hosp.geometry.x
        hosp_lat = hosp.geometry.y
        hosp_node = nearest_node(hosp_lon, hosp_lat)

        path, dist_m = shortest_path_info(inc_node, hosp_node)
        if path is None:
            continue

        all_pairs.append({
            'incident_id': inc_id,
            'hospital_name': hosp_name,
            'network_distance_m': dist_m,
            'path_nodes': path
        })

pairs_df = pd.DataFrame(all_pairs)
print(f"  {len(pairs_df)} valid incident-hospital pairs computed.")

if len(pairs_df) == 0:
    print("  FATAL: No valid routes found. Check data connectivity.")
    exit(1)

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 6. Layer: incidents
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 6. Writing layer: incidents ===")
incidents_layer = incidents_gdf_metric.copy()
incidents_layer = incidents_layer.set_geometry('geometry')

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 7. Layer: closest_hospital — shortest route per incident
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 7. Building layer: closest_hospital ===")
closest_idx = pairs_df.groupby('incident_id')['network_distance_m'].idxmin()
closest_rows = []

for _, row in pairs_df.loc[closest_idx].iterrows():
    line_4326 = get_route_line_4326(row['path_nodes'])
    closest_rows.append({
        'incident_id': row['incident_id'],
        'hospital_name': row['hospital_name'],
        'network_distance_m': float(row['network_distance_m']),
        'geometry': line_4326
    })

closest_hospital_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(closest_rows, crs='EPSG:4326')
closest_hospital_gdf = closest_hospital_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(closest_hospital_gdf)} routes.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 8. Layer: distance_matrix — 3 nearest per incident
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 8. Building layer: distance_matrix ===")
pairs_sorted = pairs_df.sort_values(['incident_id', 'network_distance_m'])
matrix_rows = []
for inc_id, group in pairs_sorted.groupby('incident_id'):
    top3 = group.head(3)
    for rank, (_, row) in enumerate(top3.iterrows(), start=1):
        matrix_rows.append({
            'incident_id': inc_id,
            'hospital_name': row['hospital_name'],
            'rank': rank,
            'network_distance_m': float(row['network_distance_m'])
        })

distance_matrix_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    matrix_rows,
    geometry=[None] * len(matrix_rows),
    crs=PARIS_METRIC_CRS
)
print(f"  {len(distance_matrix_gdf)} rows.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 9. Layer: isochrones_15min
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 9. Building layer: isochrones_15min ===")

isochrone_rows = []
for _, hosp in hospitals_gdf_4326.iterrows():
    hosp_name = hosp['hospital_name']
    hosp_lon = hosp.geometry.x
    hosp_lat = hosp.geometry.y
    hosp_node = nearest_node(hosp_lon, hosp_lat)

    try:
        reachable_times = nx.single_source_dijkstra_path_length(
            G_proj, hosp_node, cutoff=ISOCHRONE_MINUTES, weight='travel_time_min'
        )
    except nx.NodeNotFound:
        continue

    if len(reachable_times) < 2:
        continue

    pts = [Point(node_coords_4326[nid]) for nid in reachable_times.keys()]
    if len(pts) < 3:
        continue

    multipoint = MultiPoint(pts)
    hull = multipoint.convex_hull

    if hull.geom_type == 'Polygon':
        poly = hull
    elif hull.geom_type == 'MultiPolygon':
        poly = hull
    elif hull.geom_type == 'Point' or hull.geom_type == 'LineString':
        # Buffer to create a small polygon
        poly = hull.buffer(0.001)
        if poly.geom_type not in ('Polygon', 'MultiPolygon'):
            continue
    else:
        continue

    isochrone_rows.append({
        'hospital_name': hosp_name,
        'travel_time_min': ISOCHRONE_MINUTES,
        'geometry': poly
    })

isochrones_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(isochrone_rows, crs='EPSG:4326')
isochrones_gdf = isochrones_gdf.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
print(f"  {len(isochrones_gdf)} isochrones.")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 10. Write to GeoPackage
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("=== 10. Writing to GeoPackage ===")

if os.path.exists(OUTPUT):
    os.remove(OUTPUT)

incidents_layer.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='incidents', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: incidents")

closest_hospital_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='closest_hospital', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: closest_hospital")

distance_matrix_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='distance_matrix', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: distance_matrix")

isochrones_gdf.to_file(OUTPUT, layer='isochrones_15min', driver='GPKG')
print("  Written layer: isochrones_15min")

# ------------------------------------------------------------
# 11. Verification
# ------------------------------------------------------------
print("\n=== 11. Verification ===")
layers = gpd.list_layers(OUTPUT)
print("  Layers in GPKG:")
for _, row in layers.iterrows():
    print(f"    - {row['name']} (type: {row['geometry_type']})")

for layer_name in ['incidents', 'closest_hospital', 'distance_matrix', 'isochrones_15min']:
    gdf = gpd.read_file(OUTPUT, layer=layer_name)
    print(f"\n  Layer '{layer_name}': {len(gdf)} rows, CRS={gdf.crs}")
    print(f"    Columns: {list(gdf.columns)}")
    if layer_name == 'incidents':
        print(f"    incident_ids: {list(gdf['incident_id'])}")
    elif layer_name == 'closest_hospital':
        print(f"    Sample:\n{gdf[['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'network_distance_m']].to_string()}")
    elif layer_name == 'distance_matrix':
        print(f"    Sample:\n{gdf[['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'rank', 'network_distance_m']].to_string()}")
    elif layer_name == 'isochrones_15min':
        print(f"    Hospitals covered: {list(gdf['hospital_name'])}")
        print(f"    Geometry types: {gdf.geometry.geom_type.unique()}")

print(f"\n✅ Done! File: {OUTPUT}")
Wrote /work/build_routing.py (11522 chars).
16:28 
Wait, I need to check how the `overpass` library works. The deprecation warning said use `overpass.OverpassClient` instead of `overpass.API`. Let me check what methods are available.
16:28
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass
api = overpass.OverpassClient()
print(type(api))
print(dir(api))
# Try a simple query
query = 'node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
result = api.get(query)
print(type(result))
print(result.keys())
print(len(result.get('features', [])))
" 2>&1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 3, in <module>
    api = overpass.OverpassClient()
          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
AttributeError: module 'overpass' has no attribute 'OverpassClient'
16:43
16:43
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass
print(dir(overpass))
" 2>&1
['API', 'MapQuery', 'MultipleRequestsError', 'OverpassError', 'OverpassSyntaxError', 'PackageNotFoundError', 'ServerLoadError', 'ServerRuntimeError', 'TimeoutError', 'UnknownOverpassError', 'Utils', 'WayQuery', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__license__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__title__', '__version__', 'api', 'errors', 'queries', 'utils', 'version']
16:51 
OK, the overpass package has `API` class, not `OverpassClient`. Earlier the test with `overpass.API` worked. Let me use `API` instead.
16:51
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
16:59
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
17:27 
Wait, the overpass.API returned GeoJSON features. But when I used it earlier, the `api.get()` returned features directly. Let me check the API interface.
17:27
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass
api = overpass.API(timeout=180)
result = api.get('node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;')
print(type(result))
if isinstance(result, dict):
    print('Keys:', list(result.keys())[:5])
    print('Features len:', len(result.get('features', [])))
elif isinstance(result, list):
    print('List len:', len(result))
    if result:
        print('First:', list(result[0].keys()))
" 2>&1
<string>:3: DeprecationWarning: overpass.API is deprecated and will be removed in overpass 1.0; use overpass.OverpassClient in 1.0 instead.
<class 'dict'>
Keys: ['type', 'features']
Features len: 16
17:38 
Let me check the structure of each feature to see how tags are stored - earlier the `overpass.API` returned features with `properties.tags` as a nested dict, but let me verify with `OverpassClient` or check the actual structure.
17:38
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass
api = overpass.API(timeout=180)
result = api.get('node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;')
feat = result['features'][0]
print('Keys at top:', list(feat.keys()))
print('Properties:', list(feat['properties'].keys()))
print('Tags inside properties:', feat['properties'].get('tags', 'NO TAGS'))
# Also check if properties has name directly:
print('Name from properties:', feat['properties'].get('tags', {}).get('name', 'NO NAME'))
" 2>&1
<string>:3: DeprecationWarning: overpass.API is deprecated and will be removed in overpass 1.0; use overpass.OverpassClient in 1.0 instead.
Keys at top: ['type', 'properties', 'geometry']
Properties: ['type', 'id', 'tags']
Tags inside properties: {'amenity': 'hospital', 'check_date': '2026-04-14', 'fax': '+33 1 43 37 73 98', 'healthcare': 'hospital', 'healthcare:speciality': 'intensive', 'name': 'Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire', 'operator': 'Ramsay Santé', 'operator:type': 'private', 'operator:wikidata': 'Q3123085', 'operator:wikipedia': 'fr:Ramsay Santé', 'phone': '+33 1 44 08 40 00', 'ref:FR:FINESS': '750300071', 'ref:FR:SIRET': '56209797200011', 'type:FR:FINESS': '128', 'website': 'https://clinique-geoffroy-saint-hilaire-paris.ramsaygds.fr/'}
Name from properties: Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
17:52 
The `overpass.API` returns features with `properties` containing `tags` as a dictionary. Let me fix the script to handle this properly.
17:52
17:52
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
17:59
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===
  Graph: 9743 nodes, 18949 edges
=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===
  8 unique hospitals found.
=== 4. Adding travel-time weights ===
  Travel times added.
=== 5. Computing incident-hospital distances ===
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 155, in <module>
    inc_node = nearest_node(inc_lon, inc_lat)
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 123, in nearest_node
    return ox.nearest_nodes(G, lon, lat)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/osmnx/distance.py", line 376, in nearest_nodes
    raise ImportError(msg)
ImportError: scikit-learn must be installed as an optional dependency to search an unprojected graph.
19:19 
I need to install scikit-learn or project the graph first.
19:19
Bash pip install --user scikit-learn 2>&1 | tail -3 
Installing collected packages: threadpoolctl, scipy, narwhals, joblib, scikit-learn

Successfully installed joblib-1.5.3 narwhals-2.22.1 scikit-learn-1.9.0 scipy-1.17.1 threadpoolctl-3.6.0
19:41
19:41
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===
  Graph: 9743 nodes, 18949 edges
=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 204, in _new_conn
    sock = connection.create_connection(
        (self._dns_host, self.port),
    ...<2 lines>...
        socket_options=self.socket_options,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 85, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 788, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1106, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 759, in connect
    self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 219, in _new_conn
    raise NewConnectionError(
        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
    ) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 696, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 842, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 543, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 60, in <module>
    result = api.get(query)
  File "/home/agent/.local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/overpass/api.py", line 190, in get
    r = self._get_from_overpass(full_query)
  File "/home/agent/.local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/overpass/api.py", line 408, in _get_from_overpass
    r = requests.post(
        self.endpoint,
    ...<3 lines>...
        headers=self.headers,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 134, in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 71, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 651, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 784, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 729, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
20:02 
The overpass API seems to be flaky - sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't. The road network download succeeded (it cached it), but the hospital query via `overpass` library failed. Let me check if we have the hospitals in cache from the earlier successful query, or try again.
20:02
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass
api = overpass.API(timeout=180)
# Retry loop
import time
for attempt in range(3):
    try:
        result = api.get('node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;')
        print(f'Success! Features: {len(result.get(\"features\", []))}')
        break
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'Attempt {attempt+1}: {type(e).__name__}')
        time.sleep(3)
" 2>&1
<string>:3: DeprecationWarning: overpass.API is deprecated and will be removed in overpass 1.0; use overpass.OverpassClient in 1.0 instead.
Success! Features: 16
20:12 
The intermittent connection issue is frustrating. The overpass API works sometimes but not others. Let me add retry logic and make the script more robust. Also, I already have the graph downloaded (9743 nodes) and I've seen the hospital data. Let me re-run with retries.
20:12
20:12
Read /work/build_routing.py 
     1	#!/usr/bin/env python3
     2	"""
     3	Build emergency routing coverage model.
     4	Output: emergency_routing.gpkg with 4 layers.
     5	"""
     6	
     7	import pandas as pd
     8	import geopandas as gpd
     9	import osmnx as ox
    10	import networkx as nx
    11	import numpy as np
    12	import os
    13	import warnings
    14	from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString, MultiPoint, Polygon
    15	import overpass
    16	from overpass import API as OverpassAPI
    17	
    18	warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
    19	
    20	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    21	# Configuration
    22	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    23	PARIS_METRIC_CRS = 'EPSG:2154'   # RGF93 / Lambert-93
    24	DEFAULT_SPEED_KMH = 30.0
    25	CENTER = (48.855, 2.34)          # center of the bbox region
    26	DIST_M = 4800                    # large enough to cover the whole bbox
    27	OUTPUT = '/work/emergency_routing.gpkg'
    28	ISOCHRONE_MINUTES = 15.0
    29	
    30	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    31	# 1. Read incidents
    32	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    33	print("=== 1. Reading incidents ===")
    34	incidents_df = pd.read_csv('/work/incidents.csv')
    35	incidents_gdf_4326 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    36	    incidents_df[['incident_id']],
    37	    geometry=gpd.points_from_xy(incidents_df.longitude, incidents_df.latitude),
    38	    crs='EPSG:4326'
    39	)
    40	incidents_gdf_metric = incidents_gdf_4326.to_crs(PARIS_METRIC_CRS)
    41	print(f"  {len(incidents_gdf_metric)} incidents loaded.")
    42	
    43	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    44	# 2. Download OSM road network
    45	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    46	print("=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===")
    47	G = ox.graph_from_point(CENTER, dist=DIST_M, network_type='drive', simplify=True)
    48	print(f"  Graph: {len(G.nodes)} nodes, {len(G.edges)} edges")
    49	
    50	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    51	# 3. Download hospitals via Overpass API directly
    52	# ------------------------------------------------------------
    53	print("=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===")
    54	api = OverpassAPI(timeout=180)
    55	query = (
    56	    'node["amenity"="hospital"]'
    57	    f"(48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);"
    58	    'out center;'
    59	)
    60	result = api.get(query)
    61	
    62	# Extract unique hospitals
    63	seen_ids = set()
    64	hosp_records = []
    65	for feat in result.get('features', []):
    66	    props = feat['properties']
    67	    node_id = props.get('id')
    68	    if node_id in seen_ids:
    69	        continue
    70	    seen_ids.add(node_id)
<system-reminder>Showed lines 1-70 of 325. Re-call Read with offset=71 to continue, or raise limit.</system-reminder>
20:23 
Let me add retry logic and also handle the case where the overpass query might fail. I need to add a retry loop around the hospital download section.
20:23
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
21:04 
Also add retry to the osmnx graph download since it was also flaky.
21:04
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
21:10 
Let me check the import order. `time` is used in step 2 but imported inside step 3. Let me fix by importing time at the top.
21:10
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
21:18 
Now let's also check if 4800m is enough. The bbox is from 48.83 to 48.88 (lat) and 2.30 to 2.38 (lon). Let me compute the distance from the center to the furthest corner.

Center: 48.855, 2.34
Corners: 
- NW: 48.88, 2.30
- NE: 48.88, 2.38
- SW: 48.83, 2.30
- SE: 48.83, 2.38

1 deg lat ≈ 111km → 0.05 deg ≈ 5.55km
1 deg lon at 48.85N ≈ 111km * cos(48.85°) ≈ 73km → 0.08 deg ≈ 5.84km

So max distance from center is sqrt((0.025*111)^2 + (0.04*73)^2) ≈ sqrt(7.7 + 8.5) ≈ 4km. So 4800m should be enough.

But wait - the graph was already downloaded successfully (9743 nodes, 18949 edges) which is plenty. Let me just run the script now.
21:18
21:18
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===
  Graph: 9743 nodes, 18949 edges
=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===
  Hospital download attempt 1 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 2 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 3 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 4 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 5 failed: ConnectionError
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 204, in _new_conn
    sock = connection.create_connection(
        (self._dns_host, self.port),
    ...<2 lines>...
        socket_options=self.socket_options,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 85, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 788, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1106, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 759, in connect
    self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 219, in _new_conn
    raise NewConnectionError(
        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
    ) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 696, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 842, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 543, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 75, in <module>
    result = api.get(query)
  File "/home/agent/.local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/overpass/api.py", line 190, in get
    r = self._get_from_overpass(full_query)
  File "/home/agent/.local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/overpass/api.py", line 408, in _get_from_overpass
    r = requests.post(
        self.endpoint,
    ...<3 lines>...
        headers=self.headers,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 134, in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 71, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 651, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 784, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 729, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
22:07 
The overpass API is very flaky - sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't. The `overpass` library uses the same endpoint. Let me check if I can use a different approach entirely - maybe use `requests` directly with a different endpoint or use the data we already have from the earlier successful call.

Actually, looking at the earlier successful test - it worked when I used `overpass.API` directly in a Python script. But it failed when run in the build script. Let me check if there's an issue with the import. The earlier successful call used `overpass.API`, and the build script imports `from overpass import API as OverpassAPI`. Let me check what the actual endpoint is.

Wait, I noticed the `overpass` library uses `self.endpoint` which might be different. Let me check the endpoint.
22:07
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass
api = overpass.API(timeout=180)
print('Endpoint:', api.endpoint)
print('Headers:', api.headers)
" 2>&1
<string>:3: DeprecationWarning: overpass.API is deprecated and will be removed in overpass 1.0; use overpass.OverpassClient in 1.0 instead.
Endpoint: https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter
Headers: {'Accept-Charset': 'utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7', 'User-Agent': 'Unknown overpass-api-python-wrapper application'}
22:22 
The issue might be that `overpass.API` uses `requests.post(url, data=data)` where `data` is a dict (form-encoded) rather than the string. Let me check what the `overpass` library does. The Overpass API requires the query in the `data` parameter as form data.

Actually, looking at the error more carefully - `ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused` - this is a network-level connection refusal, not an HTTP error. This means the overpass-api.de server is simply refusing TCP connections from this environment. But earlier, the same code worked in one test! This is likely rate limiting or IP blocking.

The key insight is that `ox.graph_from_point` worked (it uses the same overpass endpoint but with different settings/headers). Let me look at how osmnx sends its requests vs how the `overpass` library does.

Actually, looking at the earlier successful test, the `overpass.API` GET request returned 16 features. So it does work sometimes but is intermittent. Let me try using `requests.post` directly with the same approach osmnx uses.
22:22
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests
import osmnx as ox

# Use osmnx settings to mimic its request
query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': ox.settings.http_user_agent,
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'referer': ox.settings.http_referer,
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
}

for attempt in range(5):
    try:
        r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=180)
        print(f'Attempt {attempt+1}: status={r.status_code}')
        if r.status_code == 200:
            data = r.json()
            print(f'  Elements: {len(data.get(\"elements\", []))}')
            break
        else:
            print(f'  Response: {r.text[:200]}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'Attempt {attempt+1}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
    import time
    time.sleep(5)
" 2>&1
Attempt 1: status=200
  Elements: 8
22:34 
OK, so the raw requests approach works. The `overpass` library's API class is failing because it uses a different user-agent or header. Let me switch to using plain `requests` to download the hospital data, or find and fix the issue with the overpass library.

Actually, looking at the overpass API code, the URL is `https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter` and it sends the data in the body. The difference is likely that osmnx's settings work better. Let me just use plain requests to get the hospitals and build the GDF manually.

Let me rewrite the download section to use `requests` directly with proper headers like osmnx uses.
22:34
22:34
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
22:43 
Now I need to replace the hospital download section to use requests directly instead of the overpass library.
22:43
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
22:48
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===
  Graph: 9743 nodes, 18949 edges
=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===
  Hospital download attempt 1 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 2 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 3 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 4 failed: ConnectionError
  Hospital download attempt 5 failed: ConnectionError
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 204, in _new_conn
    sock = connection.create_connection(
        (self._dns_host, self.port),
    ...<2 lines>...
        socket_options=self.socket_options,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 85, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 788, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1106, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 759, in connect
    self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 219, in _new_conn
    raise NewConnectionError(
        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
    ) from e
urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 696, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 842, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 543, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/work/build_routing.py", line 78, in <module>
    r = requests.post(overpass_url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=180)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 134, in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 71, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 651, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 784, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 729, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='overpass-api.de', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
24:06 
The overpass-api.de server seems to be refusing connections right now, but earlier it worked when I tested with the same approach. It's intermittent. Let me try a different approach: use the graph_from_point which already downloaded successfully and also use it to get hospitals - or I could try using the `ox.features_from_bbox` with a different endpoint or use a different overpass endpoint.

Wait, the graph download worked fine with osmnx (using overpass-api.de). But the standalone hospital query keeps failing. Let me try using osmnx's features fetching with retries, or try a different overpass endpoint.

Actually, let me try using `ox.features_from_point` which worked earlier for the road network - but failed for hospitals. Or better, let me try switching the osmnx overpass URL to an alternative.

Actually, I noticed that the graph_from_point worked while standalone post requests didn't. Let me try using osmnx's settings to use a different overpass URL, or try using the `overpass.kumi.systems` endpoint for the hospitals part specifically.

Let me also try using `ox.features_from_bbox` with retries - it might work since the underlying mechanism is the same as graph_from_point.
24:06
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
# Try setting a different overpass endpoint
ox.settings.overpass_url = 'https://overpass.kumi.systems/api'
print('Using:', ox.settings.overpass_url)

# Try graph_from_point with this endpoint
try:
    G = ox.graph_from_point((48.855, 2.34), dist=500, network_type='drive')
    print(f'Graph: {len(G.nodes)} nodes')
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Graph error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
" 2>&1
<exit_code>-1</exit_code>
<error>Command timed out after 120000ms</error>
26:17 
The overpass.kumi.systems endpoint is timing out. Let me try something else. The earlier successful test used the proper overpass-api.de with the osmnx user-agent. But now it's consistently failing. Let me check if maybe there's a DNS resolution issue or something.

Actually wait - the graph_from_point for the road network succeeded (9743 nodes)! But the hospital query keeps failing with ConnectionRefused. This is strange since they go to the same API.

Let me check if maybe there's a rate limit issue. The graph_from_point request already consumed the rate limit, and then the hospital query gets blocked. Let me look at the osmnx settings again - maybe there's a rate limit built in.

Actually, looking at osmnx's _overpass.py code I saw earlier, it calls `time.sleep(pause)` where pause = `_get_overpass_pause(settings.overpass_url)`. Let me check what that returns.

Also, the issue could be that the overpass-api.de server is intermittently refusing connections due to rate limiting. Let me try using the overpass API with different endpoints or increase the pause between requests.

Let me try a different approach - get the hospitals using osmnx's features_from_bbox but with modified settings that handle the rate limiting better.
26:17
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox

# Check current overpass settings
print('overpass_url:', ox.settings.overpass_url)
print('overpass_rate_limit:', ox.settings.overpass_rate_limit)
print('requests_timeout:', ox.settings.requests_timeout)

from osmnx._overpass import _get_overpass_pause
pause = _get_overpass_pause(ox.settings.overpass_url)
print('Pause:', pause)
" 2>&1
overpass_url: https://overpass-api.de/api
overpass_rate_limit: True
requests_timeout: 180
Pause: 0
26:45 
The issue is that the overpass-api.de endpoint is intermittently refusing connections. Let me try using a different DNS or an alternative approach. Let me check if there's a local overpass or if we can cache the data we downloaded earlier.

Actually, the first test with `graph_from_point` (dist=500) worked fine, and `graph_from_point` with dist=4500 also downloaded successfully. But then when trying to get hospitals with `features_from_point` it failed because that also goes through overpass.

But wait - the road network download DID work (9743 nodes, 18949 edges). It's just the hospital query that fails. And then when I tried again separately with requests, it also failed.

Let me check if there's a DNS resolution issue or if we need to use a different endpoint. Let me try resolving the DNS.
26:45
Bash python3 -c " 
python3 -c "
import socket
# Try resolving
ips = socket.getaddrinfo('overpass-api.de', 443)
for ip in ips:
    print(ip)
" 2>&1
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, 6, '', ('65.109.112.52', 443))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2>, 17, '', ('65.109.112.52', 443))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3>, 0, '', ('65.109.112.52', 443))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, 6, '', ('162.55.144.139', 443))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2>, 17, '', ('162.55.144.139', 443))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3>, 0, '', ('162.55.144.139', 443))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, 6, '', ('2a01:4f9:3051:3e48::2', 443, 0, 0))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2>, 17, '', ('2a01:4f9:3051:3e48::2', 443, 0, 0))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3>, 0, '', ('2a01:4f9:3051:3e48::2', 443, 0, 0))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, 6, '', ('2a01:4f8:261:3c4f::2', 443, 0, 0))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketKind.SOCK_DGRAM: 2>, 17, '', ('2a01:4f8:261:3c4f::2', 443, 0, 0))
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketKind.SOCK_RAW: 3>, 0, '', ('2a01:4f8:261:3c4f::2', 443, 0, 0))
26:56 
The overpass-api.de resolves fine but the connection is being refused. This is likely rate limiting. The `graph_from_point` succeeded earlier because it might have used cached data or a different timing. Let me try a different approach - use the overpass endpoint with a longer wait, or try the other IP.
26:56
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests
import time

# Try different IPs for overpass-api.de
ips = ['65.109.112.52', '162.55.144.139']
query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; GIS-Analysis-Tool/1.0)',
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
    'Host': 'overpass-api.de'
}

for ip in ips:
    print(f'Trying IP {ip}...')
    url = f'https://{ip}/api/interpreter'
    try:
        r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=60, verify=False)
        print(f'  Status: {r.status_code}')
        if r.status_code == 200:
            data = r.json()
            print(f'  Elements: {len(data.get(\"elements\", []))}')
            break
        else:
            print(f'  Response: {r.text[:200]}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'  Error: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
    time.sleep(3)
" 2>&1
Trying IP 65.109.112.52...
  Error: ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='65.109.112.52', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api/interpreter (Caused by NewConnectionError("HTTPSConnection(host='65.109.112.52', port=443): Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused"))
Trying IP 162.55.144.139...
/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1110: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host '162.55.144.139'. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#tls-warnings
  warnings.warn(
  Status: 406
  Response: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
27:12 
The overpass-api.de server is rejecting requests with 406 when going through the IP directly. Let me try using the actual domain name but with different request parameters. The 406 might be due to the Accept header. Let me check what osmnx sends.
27:12
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
from osmnx import _http
import inspect

# Let's see what headers are actually sent by osmnx
print(inspect.getsource(_http._get_http_headers))

# Also check what the overpass request function does exactly
from osmnx._overpass import _overpass_request
src = inspect.getsource(_overpass_request)
# Look at the data parameter being sent
print('---')
print(src)
" 2>&1
def _get_http_headers(
    *,
    user_agent: str | None = None,
    referer: str | None = None,
    accept_language: str | None = None,
) -> dict[str, str]:
    """
    Update the default requests HTTP headers with OSMnx information.

    Parameters
    ----------
    user_agent
        The user agent. If None, use `settings.http_user_agent` value.
    referer
        The referer. If None, use `settings.http_referer` value.
    accept_language
        The accept language. If None, use `settings.http_accept_language`
        value.

    Returns
    -------
    headers
        The updated HTTP headers.
    """
    if user_agent is None:
        user_agent = settings.http_user_agent
    if referer is None:
        referer = settings.http_referer
    if accept_language is None:
        accept_language = settings.http_accept_language

    info = {"User-Agent": user_agent, "referer": referer, "Accept-Language": accept_language}
    headers = dict(requests.utils.default_headers())
    headers.update(info)
    return headers

---
def _overpass_request(data: OrderedDict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """
    Send a HTTP POST request to the Overpass API and return response.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data
        Key-value pairs of parameters.

    Returns
    -------
    response_json
        The Overpass API's response.
    """
    # resolve url to same IP even if there is server round-robin redirecting
    _http._config_dns(settings.overpass_url)

    # prepare the Overpass API URL and see if request already exists in cache
    url = settings.overpass_url.rstrip("/") + "/interpreter"
    prepared_url = str(requests.Request("GET", url, params=data).prepare().url)
    cached_response_json = _http._retrieve_from_cache(prepared_url)
    if isinstance(cached_response_json, dict):
        return cached_response_json

    # pause then request this URL
    pause = _get_overpass_pause(settings.overpass_url)
    hostname = _http._hostname_from_url(url)
    msg = f"Pausing {pause} second(s) before making HTTP POST request to {hostname!r}"
    utils.log(msg, level=lg.INFO)
    time.sleep(pause)

    # transmit the HTTP POST request
    msg = f"Post {prepared_url} with timeout={settings.requests_timeout}"
    utils.log(msg, level=lg.INFO)
    response = requests.post(
        url,
        data=data,
        timeout=settings.requests_timeout,
        headers=_http._get_http_headers(),
        **settings.requests_kwargs,
    )

    # handle 429 and 504 errors by pausing then recursively re-trying request
    if response.status_code in {429, 504}:  # pragma: no cover
        error_pause = 55
        msg = (
            f"{hostname!r} responded {response.status_code} {response.reason}: "
            f"we'll retry in {error_pause} secs"
        )
        utils.log(msg, level=lg.WARNING)
        time.sleep(error_pause)
        return _overpass_request(data)

    response_json = _http._parse_response(response)
    if not isinstance(response_json, dict):  # pragma: no cover
        msg = "Overpass API did not return a dict of results."
        raise InsufficientResponseError(msg)
    _http._save_to_cache(prepared_url, response_json, response.ok)
    return response_json
27:24 
Interesting - the osmnx `_overpass_request` function passes `data=data` (where data is an OrderedDict) to `requests.post()`. And note that `_http._config_dns(settings.overpass_url)` configures DNS to resolve to the same IP. This might be caching a bad IP.

Let me check the `_config_dns` function.
27:24
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
from osmnx._http import _config_dns
import inspect
print(inspect.getsource(_config_dns))
" 2>&1
def _config_dns(url: str) -> None:
    """
    Force socket.getaddrinfo to use IP address instead of hostname.

    Resolves URL's hostname to an IP address so that we use the same server
    for both 1) checking the necessary pause duration and 2) sending the query
    itself even if there is round-robin redirecting among multiple server
    machines on the server-side. Mutates the getaddrinfo function so it uses
    the same IP address everytime it finds the hostname in the URL.

    For example, the server overpass-api.de just redirects to one of the other
    servers (currently gall.openstreetmap.de and lambert.openstreetmap.de). So
    if we check the status endpoint of overpass-api.de, we may see results for
    server gall, but when we submit the query itself it gets redirected to
    server lambert. This could result in violating server lambert's slot
    management timing.

    Parameters
    ----------
    url
        The URL to consistently resolve the IP address of.
    """
    hostname = _hostname_from_url(url)
    try:
        ip = socket.gethostbyname(hostname)
    except socket.gaierror:  # pragma: no cover
        # may occur when using a proxy, so instead resolve IP address via DoH
        msg = f"Encountered gaierror while trying to resolve {hostname!r}, trying again via DoH..."
        utils.log(msg, level=lg.ERROR)
        ip = _resolve_host_via_doh(hostname)

    # mutate socket.getaddrinfo to map hostname -> IP address
    def _getaddrinfo(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:  # noqa: ANN401
        if hostname == next(iter(args), kwargs.get("host")):
            # remove "host" from kwargs to avoid TypeError with positional argument
            kwargs.pop("host", None)
            msg = f"Resolved {hostname!r} to {ip!r}"
            utils.log(msg, level=lg.INFO)
            return _original_getaddrinfo(ip, *args[1:], **kwargs)

        # otherwise
        return _original_getaddrinfo(*args, **kwargs)

    socket.getaddrinfo = _getaddrinfo
27:36 
The problem is that `_config_dns` is being called inside `_overpass_request`, which pins the DNS to a specific IP. For `graph_from_point`, it works because the first call is successful and it caches the result. But for our direct requests, we're not using osmnx's infrastructure.

Let me check what the initial successful `graph_from_point` call cached and try to use osmnx to also get the hospitals. The problem might be that `features_from_point` also goes through the same Overpass infrastructure, but is failing consistently.

Actually, the key issue is that the `overpass-api.de` server seems to be intermittently refusing connections. The `graph_from_point` call succeeded but subsequent calls fail.

Let me try a different approach: use osmnx's built-in functions with retries and proper settings, or use a local cache. Or better yet, since the graph was already downloaded and we have the nodes, we can use the `ox.geometries_from_bbox` function which should work similarly to `graph_from_bbox`.

Wait - let me try using `ox.features_from_bbox` with the right syntax for osmnx 2.1.
27:36
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import osmnx as ox
from shapely.geometry import box

# Try to get hospitals using osmnx features_from_polygon 
# (since features_from_bbox doesn't seem to work)
poly = box(2.30, 48.83, 2.38, 48.88)

# Check if we have cached hospital data from a previous run
import os
cache_dir = os.path.expanduser('./cache')
print('Cache dir:', cache_dir)

# Try using osmnx but with our own HTTP session to avoid the DNS config issue
import requests
from osmnx._http import _get_http_headers, _config_dns, _parse_response, _retrieve_from_cache, _save_to_cache
from osmnx._overpass import _get_overpass_pause
from collections import OrderedDict
import time

ox.settings.cache_only_mode = False
ox.settings.cache_folder = './cache'

# Build query
from shapely import geometry
from osmnx._query import _make_overpass_settings
from osmnx._overpass import _make_network_queries, _make_features_query
query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out center;'
print('Query:', query[:80])

# Try with osmnx's approach
url = ox.settings.overpass_url.rstrip('/') + '/interpreter'
data = OrderedDict(data=query)

# See what osmnx's parse_response does
print('URL:', url)
print('Data keys:', list(data.keys()))

# Don't use _config_dns -- that's what causes problems
# Just make a direct request
r = requests.post(url, data=data, timeout=180, headers=_get_http_headers())
print(f'Status: {r.status_code}')
if r.status_code == 200:
    result = _parse_response(r)
    print(f'Elements: {len(result.get(\"elements\", []))}')
else:
    print(f'Error: {r.text[:300]}')
" 2>&1
Cache dir: ./cache
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 26, in <module>
    from osmnx._query import _make_overpass_settings
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'osmnx._query'
27:48 
The request is failing with ConnectionError and status 406 errors. But earlier when I ran the `overpass` library it worked. Let me try using the `overpass` library but with the correct User-Agent header that the server accepts. The problem is that the overpass library uses "Unknown overpass-api-python-wrapper application" as its user agent which might be getting blocked at certain times.

Actually, looking at the earlier test, the `overpass` library's API endpoint worked and it returned 16 features. But then when the script runs, it fails 5 times in a row. This seems like the server is intermittently refusing connections.

Wait - looking more carefully at the log from the graph download:
- The graph download worked (attempt 1)
- But the hospital download fails all 5 times

But when I tested separately right now, the overpass library worked. Let me just set the user agent in the overpass API to match osmnx's.

Actually, the issue might be that the overpass library is using data URL-encoded differently. Let me check the headers it sends.

Actually, maybe the issue is simpler. The graph_from_point already downloaded successfully. Maybe the issue is just timing/rate limiting. Let me add a longer pause before the hospital download and use the overpass library with a better user-agent.
27:48
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import overpass

# Create API with custom user agent
api = overpass.API(timeout=180)
api.endpoint = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
# Override the headers
import requests
api.headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
    'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'Accept-Charset': 'utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7',
}
query = 'node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
result = api.get(query)
print(f'Success! Features: {len(result.get(\"features\", []))}')
" 2>&1
<string>:5: DeprecationWarning: overpass.API is deprecated and will be removed in overpass 1.0; use overpass.OverpassClient in 1.0 instead.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 16, in <module>
    result = api.get(query)
  File "/home/agent/.local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/overpass/api.py", line 190, in get
    r = self._get_from_overpass(full_query)
  File "/home/agent/.local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/overpass/api.py", line 428, in _get_from_overpass
    raise UnknownOverpassError(
        f"The request returned status code {self._status}"
    )
overpass.errors.UnknownOverpassError: The request returned status code 406
27:57 
The overpass API keeps failing intermittently. It worked sometimes but not consistently. Let me try a different approach - I'll use the `requests` library directly with a simple, well-formed POST request.

Let me also check what's happening with the network - maybe there's a DNS issue or the rate limiter is blocking us.
27:57
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests

# The key issue might be the Content-Type header
# Overpass expects form-encoded data
# Let's try the simplest possible request

query = '[out:json];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'

# POST with data as string (not dict)
r = requests.post(url, data='data=' + requests.utils.quote(query), 
                  headers={
                      'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                      'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'
                  }, timeout=30)
print(f'Status: {r.status_code}')
if r.status_code == 200:
    data = r.json()
    print(f'Elements: {len(data.get(\"elements\", []))}')
else:
    print(f'Body: {r.text[:300]}')
" 2>&1
Status: 406
Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.4.6
28:04 
The 406 error means the server can't serve the requested content type. In HTTP, 406 means "Not Acceptable" - the server cannot produce a response matching the Accept headers. Let me try without any Content-Type/Accept headers and see what happens. Actually, earlier when I didn't set Content-Type, it returned 406 too. Let me try with no custom headers at all - just use requests defaults.
28:04
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests

query = '[out:json];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'

# Try different approaches
# 1. Just POST with data=string
r = requests.post(url, data='data=' + query)
print(f'Approach 1: Status={r.status_code}')
if r.status_code == 200:
    print('OK!')
else:
    print(f'  Body: {r.text[:200]}')
" 2>&1
Approach 1: Status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
28:25 
The overpass-api.de server is returning 406 on most requests from this environment. But earlier it did work when I ran a simple test with osmnx's graph_from_point. Let me check - the graph download worked using `ox.graph_from_point(CENTER, dist=DIST_M, network_type='drive', simplify=True)`, which also queries the same overpass servers. So why does the road network download work but the hospital query fails?

Wait - looking more carefully, the graph download uses `graph_from_point` which goes through osmnx's own Overpass query mechanism with the `_config_dns` function. The hospital query using raw `requests` doesn't use `_config_dns`, and that seems to be the difference.

Let me look at what `_config_dns` really does - it resolves the hostname to a specific IP and then mutates `socket.getaddrinfo` to always use that IP. So when the first request succeeds (like graph_from_point), it pins the hostname to that specific IP. But... the problem is the subsequent request fails.

Actually, let me re-read the errors. The graph download succeeded once, then subsequent attempts failed. Let me check - maybe the overpass server has some rate limiting or is just down from this IP.

Actually wait - the graph download succeeded! So the road network is already loaded. Then the hospital download is failing. Maybe the `_config_dns` from the graph download pinned the IP, and subsequent different requests to different endpoints are breaking?

Let me look at this differently. The `_config_dns` function mutates `socket.getaddrinfo` globally. Once osmnx resolves the overpass URL to a specific IP, all subsequent socket calls go through that same IP. So when I try to make a direct request to `overpass-api.de`, the socket.getaddrinfo function has been mutated and it resolves to a specific IP (one of the overpass backends). But that IP might be blocking requests for some reason.

Wait, actually the graph download from osmnx DID succeed (9743 nodes, 18949 edges). So the overpass API works. But then the subsequent request for hospitals fails. Maybe it's a rate limit issue - the overpass server is enforcing a 60-second pause or some rate limiting.

Let me check: osmnx by default has `overpass_rate_limit = True`, and there's a pause of 60 seconds before the first request on a cold start. After the graph download, the next request may need another pause. But wait, the graph download succeeded, meaning the pause was already handled. The next request for hospitals might fail due to rate limiting.

Actually, let me re-read the errors. The error is "Connection refused" (Errno 111), not a 429 or 504. This suggests the port is closed or the server is temporarily not accepting connections.

Since the graph download succeeded once and then the hospital download fails, the issue might be that `_config_dns` pinned the IP to the first resolution, but that particular IP/server is now refusing connections. Or it could be the overpass-api.de servers are just intermittent.

Let me try a different approach: use the graph that we already have, embed the hospitals directly from the earlier successful overpass query result (we already got hospital data via the overpass API test), or find hospitals by looking at the graph's nearby POIs.

Actually, looking back at the earlier successful test:
```
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests
query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; GIS-Analysis-Tool/1.0)',
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
    'Host': 'overpass-api.de'
}
...
Attempt 1: status=200
  Elements: 8
```

That worked! And then it also worked with the `overpass` library:
```
Success! Features: 16
```

So the API does work. The issue seems intermittent. Let me just add more retry logic with longer delays.

Let me restructure the script to:
1. Download road network (already done)
2. Try to download hospitals with retries and longer delays
3. If still failing, use a hardcoded fallback list of hospitals (from the successful query result we saw)

Actually, let me think more carefully. The script ran and the graph downloaded in ~54 seconds (due to the 60s pause osmnx does). Then the hospital download fails immediately after. The issue might be that osmnx pinned the IP to one that's now refusing connections, or the rate limiting is active.

Let me try running the script without osmnx's DNS pinning, or do everything with raw requests.

Actually, the simplest fix: just add a longer delay (e.g., 60 seconds) before the hospital download, and use raw requests with proper headers.

But actually, looking at it more carefully - the first run didn't even get to the hospital download because the graph download failed (bbox issue). The second run successfully downloaded the graph, but then failed on hospitals. The third run also succeeded on graph and failed on hospitals.

Let me try adding a longer pause and see if that helps.
28:25
28:25
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests, time

query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
    'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
}

for i in range(10):
    try:
        r = requests.post('https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter', 
                         data={'data': query}, 
                         headers=headers, timeout=180)
        print(f'Attempt {i+1}: status={r.status_code}')
        if r.status_code == 200:
            data = r.json()
            print(f'  Elements: {len(data.get(\"elements\", []))}')
            for elem in data['elements']:
                tags = elem.get('tags', {})
                name = tags.get('name', 'unnamed')
                print(f'  - {name} ({elem[\"lat\"]:.4f}, {elem[\"lon\"]:.4f})')
            break
        else:
            print(f'  Body: {r.text[:200]}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'Attempt {i+1}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
    time.sleep(15)
" 2>&1
Attempt 1: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 2: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 3: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 4: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 5: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 6: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 7: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 8: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 9: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
Attempt 10: status=406
  Body: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<title>406 Not Acceptable</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Acceptable</h1>
<p>An appropriate repres
31:25 
The overpass API server is consistently returning 406 "Not Acceptable" for this query. But earlier it worked with `requests.post(url, data={'data': query})` with the same query... Wait, earlier it worked:

```
Attempt 1: status=200
  Elements: 8
```

So it IS working intermittently. Let me check - earlier I used:
```python
r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=180)
```

But now it's failing. Let me check what's different...

Actually wait - earlier the successful test had this:
```
import requests
import osmnx as ox

query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': ox.settings.http_user_agent,
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'referer': ox.settings.http_referer,
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
}
```

And it worked! But now the same approach gives 406. This is the intermittent nature of the overpass servers.

The issue might be DNS load balancing - we need to use `_config_dns` to pin to a single IP. Let me use the osmnx approach directly but with retry.
31:25
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import requests

# The earlier successful test used osmnx's http user agent - let's try that exact approach
import osmnx as ox

query = '[out:json][timeout:180];node[\"amenity\"=\"hospital\"](48.83,2.30,48.88,2.38);out;'
url = 'https://overpass-api.de/api/interpreter'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': ox.settings.http_user_agent,
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'referer': ox.settings.http_referer,
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
}

for attempt in range(5):
    try:
        r = requests.post(url, data={'data': query}, headers=headers, timeout=180)
        print(f'Attempt {attempt+1}: status={r.status_code}')
        if r.status_code == 200:
            data = r.json()
            print(f'  Elements: {len(data.get(\"elements\", []))}')
            for elem in data['elements']:
                tags = elem.get('tags', {})
                name = tags.get('name', 'unnamed')
                print(f'  - {name}')
            break
        else:
            print(f'  Body: {r.text[:200]}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'Attempt {attempt+1}: {type(e).__name__}: {e}')
    
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
" 2>&1
Attempt 1: status=200
  Elements: 8
  - Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
  - Institut Curie
  - Hôpital Maison Blanche
  - Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin
  - Clinique du Louvre
  - Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur
  - Institut de la Vue Paris Saint-Joseph
  - Centre de santé Saint Jacques
31:40 
The key is the `Accept-Language` and `referer` headers from osmnx. The earlier attempt failed because python's requests library sends `Accept: */*` by default which triggers the 406 on the Overpass server. Let me update the script to use the exact same headers as osmnx.
31:40
31:40
Edit /work/build_routing.py 
Edited /work/build_routing.py.
31:46 
Now let's run the full script.
31:46
Bash cd /work && python build_routing.py 2>&1 
=== 1. Reading incidents ===
  8 incidents loaded.
=== 2. Downloading OSM road network ===
  Graph: 9743 nodes, 18949 edges
=== 3. Downloading hospitals ===
  8 unique hospitals found.
=== 4. Adding travel-time weights ===
  Travel times added.
=== 5. Computing incident-hospital distances ===
  64 valid incident-hospital pairs computed.
=== 6. Writing layer: incidents ===
=== 7. Building layer: closest_hospital ===
  8 routes.
=== 8. Building layer: distance_matrix ===
  24 rows.
=== 9. Building layer: isochrones_15min ===
  8 isochrones.
=== 10. Writing to GeoPackage ===
  Written layer: incidents
  Written layer: closest_hospital
  Written layer: distance_matrix
  Written layer: isochrones_15min

=== 11. Verification ===
  Layers in GPKG:
    - incidents (type: Point)
    - closest_hospital (type: LineString)
    - distance_matrix (type: Unknown)
    - isochrones_15min (type: Polygon)

  Layer 'incidents': 8 rows, CRS=EPSG:2154
    Columns: ['incident_id', 'geometry']
    incident_ids: ['INC_001', 'INC_002', 'INC_003', 'INC_004', 'INC_005', 'INC_006', 'INC_007', 'INC_008']

  Layer 'closest_hospital': 8 rows, CRS=EPSG:2154
    Columns: ['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'network_distance_m', 'geometry']
    Sample:
  incident_id                         hospital_name  network_distance_m
0     INC_001                    Clinique du Louvre         1090.720440
1     INC_002                    Clinique du Louvre          706.641136
2     INC_003                        Institut Curie         1076.995968
3     INC_004                Hôpital Maison Blanche          889.622428
4     INC_005                        Institut Curie         1675.502226
5     INC_006         Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin         1966.631019
6     INC_007  Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur          397.952532
7     INC_008         Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin         1398.172094

  Layer 'distance_matrix': 24 rows, CRS=EPSG:2154
    Columns: ['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'rank', 'network_distance_m', 'geometry']
    Sample:
   incident_id                          hospital_name  rank  network_distance_m
0      INC_001                     Clinique du Louvre     1         1090.720440
1      INC_001          Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin     2         1593.912830
2      INC_001                 Hôpital Maison Blanche     3         2177.264030
3      INC_002                     Clinique du Louvre     1          706.641136
4      INC_002          Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin     2         2067.935551
5      INC_002                 Hôpital Maison Blanche     3         2177.266082
6      INC_003                         Institut Curie     1         1076.995968
7      INC_003        Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire     2         1164.897345
8      INC_003                     Clinique du Louvre     3         2404.534991
9      INC_004                 Hôpital Maison Blanche     1          889.622428
10     INC_004          Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin     2         1768.678979
11     INC_004                     Clinique du Louvre     3         2570.523870
12     INC_005                         Institut Curie     1         1675.502226
13     INC_005                     Clinique du Louvre     2         1944.900671
14     INC_005        Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire     3         2227.382538
15     INC_006          Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin     1         1966.631019
16     INC_006                 Hôpital Maison Blanche     2         2581.452509
17     INC_006        Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire     3         3364.165434
18     INC_007   Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur     1          397.952532
19     INC_007          Centre de santé Saint Jacques     2         1059.288866
20     INC_007  Institut de la Vue Paris Saint-Joseph     3         2218.647359
21     INC_008          Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin     1         1398.172094
22     INC_008                 Hôpital Maison Blanche     2         1412.077256
23     INC_008                     Clinique du Louvre     3         2774.161161

  Layer 'isochrones_15min': 8 rows, CRS=EPSG:2154
    Columns: ['hospital_name', 'travel_time_min', 'geometry']
    Hospitals covered: ['Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire', 'Institut Curie', 'Hôpital Maison Blanche', 'Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin', 'Clinique du Louvre', "Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur", 'Institut de la Vue Paris Saint-Joseph', 'Centre de santé Saint Jacques']
    Geometry types: <ArrowStringArray>
['Polygon']
Length: 1, dtype: str

✅ Done! File: /work/emergency_routing.gpkg
32:13 
The script ran successfully. Let me verify the output a bit more carefully:

1. **incidents** layer: 8 rows, Point geometry, CRS=EPSG:2154 (official metric CRS for Paris), column `incident_id` ✓
2. **closest_hospital** layer: 8 rows (one per incident), LineString geometry, CRS=EPSG:2154, columns `incident_id`, `hospital_name`, `network_distance_m` ✓
3. **distance_matrix** layer: 24 rows (8 incidents × 3 nearest hospitals), tabular with empty geometry, columns `incident_id`, `hospital_name`, `rank`, `network_distance_m` ✓
4. **isochrones_15min** layer: 8 rows (one per hospital), Polygon geometry, CRS=EPSG:2154, columns `hospital_name`, `travel_time_min` ✓

Wait, the distance_matrix layer shows geometry column with empty values in the verification. But the spec says "geometry may be empty or null". Actually looking at the output, it says `'distance_matrix' (type: Unknown)` for geometry type, and columns include 'geometry'. Let me check if the empty geometry is acceptable - the spec says "tabular (geometry may be empty or null)". So it should be fine.

Let me also check if the distance_matrix actually has empty/None geometries (not just "Unknown" type).

Actually, I should double-check the output more carefully and also ensure the file exists properly.

One thing - I see the distance_matrix layer shows `Columns: ['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'rank', 'network_distance_m', 'geometry']`. The geometry column is present but with None values. This should be fine per the spec.

Let me also verify the file size and a quick sanity check.
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32:13
Bash cd /work && python3 -c " 
cd /work && python3 -c "
import geopandas as gpd

# Verify all layers
for layer in ['incidents', 'closest_hospital', 'distance_matrix', 'isochrones_15min']:
    gdf = gpd.read_file('/work/emergency_routing.gpkg', layer=layer)
    print(f'=== {layer} ===')
    print(f'  Rows: {len(gdf)}, CRS: {gdf.crs}')
    print(f'  Columns: {list(gdf.columns)}')
    print(f'  Geom types: {gdf.geometry.geom_type.unique() if layer != \"distance_matrix\" else \"tabular\"}')
    print()

# Verify distance_matrix has no geometry
dm = gpd.read_file('/work/emergency_routing.gpkg', layer='distance_matrix')
print('Distance matrix has geometry null?', all(g is None for g in dm.geometry))
print()

# Check hospitals list
h = gpd.read_file('/work/emergency_routing.gpkg', layer='isochrones_15min')
print('Hospitals:')
for _, row in h.iterrows():
    print(f'  {row[\"hospital_name\"]}: {row[\"travel_time_min\"]} min, area={row.geometry.area:.0f} m²')

import os
size = os.path.getsize('/work/emergency_routing.gpkg')
print(f'\nFile size: {size:,} bytes')
" 2>&1
=== incidents ===
  Rows: 8, CRS: EPSG:2154
  Columns: ['incident_id', 'geometry']
  Geom types: <ArrowStringArray>
['Point']
Length: 1, dtype: str

=== closest_hospital ===
  Rows: 8, CRS: EPSG:2154
  Columns: ['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'network_distance_m', 'geometry']
  Geom types: <ArrowStringArray>
['LineString']
Length: 1, dtype: str

=== distance_matrix ===
  Rows: 24, CRS: EPSG:2154
  Columns: ['incident_id', 'hospital_name', 'rank', 'network_distance_m', 'geometry']
  Geom types: tabular

=== isochrones_15min ===
  Rows: 8, CRS: EPSG:2154
  Columns: ['hospital_name', 'travel_time_min', 'geometry']
  Geom types: <ArrowStringArray>
['Polygon']
Length: 1, dtype: str

Distance matrix has geometry null? True

Hospitals:
  Clinique Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire: 15.0 min, area=89905223 m²
  Institut Curie: 15.0 min, area=89838998 m²
  Hôpital Maison Blanche: 15.0 min, area=80805622 m²
  Centre de santé Yvonne Pouzin: 15.0 min, area=89476413 m²
  Clinique du Louvre: 15.0 min, area=91857854 m²
  Centre médical de l'institut Pasteur: 15.0 min, area=81867483 m²
  Institut de la Vue Paris Saint-Joseph: 15.0 min, area=73309372 m²
  Centre de santé Saint Jacques: 15.0 min, area=81552916 m²

File size: 167,936 bytes
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